经济学的理性假设辨析

理性历来是经济学研究秉持的最基本的行为假设,然而自从其概念诞生以来,经济学家们对它的理解与解释却众说纷纭。理性的框架应界定为:利己性、最优化与偏好一致性。对理性假设应该采取秉持实证主义思想,维持理性假设的态度与措施;当理论与现实矛盾时,谨慎地适当地扩展理论模型或环境假设,扩展的底限是维持理性的内在一致性,上限则取决于理论的一般性与现实性的权衡。     

The price normalization problem in imperfect competition and the objective of the firm

Summary. General equilibrium models of oligopolistic competition give rise to relative prices only without determining the price level. It is well known that the choice of a numéraire or, more generally, of a normalization rule converting relative prices into absolute prices entails drastic consequences for the resulting set of Nash equilibria when firms are assumed to maximize profits. This is due to the fact that changing the price normalization amounts to altering the objective functions of the firms. Clearly, the objective of a firm must not be based on price normalization rules void of any economic content. In this paper we propose a definition of the objective of a firm, called maximization of shareholders' real wealth, which takes shareholders' demand explicitly into account. This objective depends on relative prices only. Real wealth maxima are shown to exist under certain conditions. Moreover, we consider an oligopolistic market and prove the existence of a Nash equilibrium in which each firm maximizes the real wealth of its shareholders. Received: July 10, 1997; revised version: July 27, 1998     

STABILITY OF THE UTILITY MAXIMIZATION PROBLEM WITH RANDOM ENDOWMENT IN INCOMPLETE MARKETS

We perform a stability analysis for the utility maximization problem in a general semimartingale model where both liquid and illiquid assets (random endowments) are present. Small misspecifications of preferences (as modeled via expected utility), as well as views of the world or the market model (as modeled via subjective probabilities) are considered. Simple sufficient conditions are given for the problem to be well posed, in the sense that the optimal wealth and the marginal utility‐based prices are continuous functionals of preferences and probabilistic views.     

价值最大化下的企业社会责任与竞争力关系

本文从历史和逻辑层面出发,认为企业的本质是追求企业价值最大化,承担社会责任是获得最大化企业价值的必要条件,形成了保持——提升责任竞争力理论,为价值最大化条件下企业承担社会责任提供理论基础和分析框架。同时,在建议对策中提出了企业的责任战略、构建责任战略的过程和选取提升类责任的SPED-CAR原则,针对政府提出了构建积极健康的责任环境等几点建议。     

森工企业木材生产经营效益最大化的思考

“天保”二期工程实施以来，森工企业木材产量逐年递减，如何使有限的可采林木资源实现效益最大化，是森工企业亟待面对和解决的一个现实问题。必须认真做好伐区设计，科学测量、精细选材，强化剩余物拣集利用，实施贮木场商品材精细化管理等措施，努力提高企业经营效益。     

企业财务管理目标研究

文章拟对我国现阶段企业财务管理目标的多种观点进行对比并且介绍企业财务管理目标研究的发展趋势,以此来说明我国企业应选择怎样的适合自身发展需要的财务管理目标,笔者认为经济附加值最大化应为现阶段企业财务管理的合理目标。     

略论经济利润对传统会计利润的挑战

同会计利润相比，经济利润考虑了股权投资的机会成本，因而是一个更为全面地衡量经济效益的指标。现代企业财务战略管理的核心是价值管理，而价值管理则是一套以经济利润为核心分析指标、包含了公司战略制定、组织架构建设和管理流程重组的完整的战略性管理体系。可见，经济利润对于企业价值管理和财务战略管理具有重要意义。     

PARTIAL HEDGING IN A STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY ENVIRONMENT

We consider the problem of partial hedging of derivative risk in a stochastic volatility environment. It is related to state-dependent utility maximization problems in classical economics. We derive the dual problem from the Legendre transform of the associated Bellman equation and interpret the optimal strategy as the perfect hedging strategy for a modified claim. Under the assumption that volatility is fast mean-reverting and using a singular perturbation analysis, we derive approximate value functions and strategies that are easy to implement and study. The analysis identifies the usual mean historical volatility and the harmonically averaged long-run volatility as important statistics for such optimization problems without further specification of a stochastic volatility model. The approximation can be improved by specifying a model and can be calibrated for the leverage effect from the implied volatility skew. We study the effectiveness of these strategies using simulated stock paths.     

Neuroeconomics as a Natural Extension of Bioeconomics: The Shifting Scope of Standard Economic Theory

Synopsis Neuroeconomics rightly has been claimed to be a natural extension of bioeconomics. One of the things bioeconomics investigates is what behavioral dispositions and what behavioral patterns evolutionary processes have produced. Neuroeconomics extends this to the study of evolved mechanisms that are at work in decision-making at the neural level of the brain. The paper argues that in another respect neuroeconomics and bioeconomics are discontinuous, however. Bioeconomics maintains that the applicability of standard economic theory’s constrained maximization framework is not confined to human behavior. The constrained maximization framework is believed to be suitable to describe behavior throughout the animal kingdom. By contrast, despite some minor internal disagreements all neuroeconomists seem to agree that human behavior is predicted poorly by standard economic theory in several social and economic situations. Neuroscience is believed to hold out the hope of an advanced understanding of when and why this is the case.      

银行财务管理目标模式研究

随着金融市场的逐步对外开放，我国商业银行的管理活动也必须走与国际接轨之路。本文分析了目前流行的主要的财务管理目标，即利润最大化、股东财富最大化、企业价值最大化及相关利益者最大化，研究了其优缺点。在此基础上，提出了我国商业银行财务管理的目标应是相关利益者最大化。