一个具有双寡头垄断性质的三边贸易模型——以石油市场为例的国家福利实验模拟分析

中国作为大宗商品的国际大买家,争取国际定价权已经成为再也无法回避的问题.有鉴于此出,文章以石油为例,着重探讨石油定价战略选择的经济学机理,在一个具有双寡头垄断性质的三边贸易体系中,对OPEC和非OPEC石油输出国之间的博弈进行了一般均衡分析.根据模型设定参数及实验模拟发现,在Cournot双寡头垄断下,国家M的福利水平增加32.4%,而国家F的福利水平却下降0.8%.由此作出的解释是:与M相反,F是石油净进口国家,高油价和商品y较低的相对价格所产生的负面效应要大于闲暇带来的正面效应.此时,整个社会福利下降0.7%.石油在消费者效用函数中的权重较小时,石油生产的一个负向冲击对福利损失的影响非常有限.在F和M的纯策略集合{双寡头垄断,完全竞争,不生产石油}中,存在唯一的纳什均衡{完全竞争,完全竞争},这使得国家H和F从中获益.模型给人的启示是,除了尽快完善国家石油战略储备体系外,中国应积极参与到石油定价权的争夺中,改变目前完全被动承受油价变动影响的不利地位.     

Inflow Uncertainty in Hydropower Markets

We analyse the effects of uncertainty on market performance in hydropower systems under alternative assumptions about market structure. Uncertainty creates distinct possibilities for exercising market power that cannot be captured in deterministic models. The qualitative and quantitative features of these possibilities depend on the characteristics of residual demand facing individual firms, which again depends on consumer preferences and generation and transmission technologies.     

土地非农化过程中的博弈关系

研究目的：模拟土地非农化过程中中央政府与地方政府以及地方政府之间的博弈关系。研究方法：斯坦克尔伯格模型和库诺特竞争模型。研究结果：土地税费政策监管不力和地方政府间的过度竞争是造成土地过度非农化的一个重要原因。研究结论：要协调好经济发展与土地资源保护间的关系必须从两方面着手：一是完善土地非农化过程中的税费政策,加强税费监管;二是引导地方政府改变经济发展模式,避免以牺牲土地资源为代价的恶性竞争。     

寡头垄断、非线性定价与非对称价格规制

本文系统研究了非对称寡头垄断行业的价格规制问题。在非对称双寡头垄断市场结构的假设下,本文首先分析了双寡头企业的非线性定价行为与市场均衡。双寡头企业都基于各自边际成本的最优非线性价格,以及实现福利最大化的价格和竞争性均衡价格,其价格套餐都会发生交叉,进而产生市场分割。以此为理论基础,在综合考虑价格规制目标、可实施条件和行业现状的基础上,本文给出了非对称双寡头垄断行业价格规制的总体思路设计：在垄断行业引入竞争机制改革的过渡时期,应采取非对称价格规制,双寡头企业的规制价格套餐交叉导致的市场分割,会有利于有效竞争的市场格局最终形成。     

Partial privatization in mixed duopoly

We investigate a quantity-setting duopoly involving a private firm and a privatized firm jointly owned by the public and private sectors. The private firm maximizes profits, while the privatized firm takes both profits and social welfare into consideration. We consider how many shares the government should hold in the privatized firm. We find that neither full privatization (the government does not hold any shares) nor full nationalization (the government holds all of the shares) is optimal under moderate conditions.     

认知无线网络中基于Stackelberg博弈的功率控制新算法

针对认知无线网络中存在的干扰问题和功率消耗过大问题,提出了一种新的基于斯坦克尔伯格(Stackelberg)博弈的功率控制算法。建立了主次用户双层网络模型,将主用户设置为领导者,次用户设置为追随者,并对次用户产生的总干扰进行定量分析。在次用户多次博弈的过程中,动态地调整主用户单位干扰价格,在保证主用户自身正常通信前提下,尽量使得收益最大化,提高主用户的参与积极性。仿真实验表明,该算法在保证主次用户的服务质量（QoS）前提下,有效地减小了次用户的发射功率,而且能获得更高的系统容量。     

基于Stackelberg博弈的动态频谱接入控制

为了解决多主用户和多次级用户共存网络的频谱资源分配问题,提出了一种基于斯塔科尔伯格（Stackelberg）博弈的动态频谱接入控制算法。该算法通过三阶段Stackelberg博弈模拟主用户频谱竞价,博弈过程中次级用户以最大化传输速率为目的接入主用户频谱,同时设计了一种迭代过程来求解纳什均衡。实验计算与结果分析证明了纳什均衡唯一存在性的充要条件,并说明了迭代过程的收敛性以及主用户最佳效用的影响因素。     

Capacity precommitment as a barrier to entry: A Bertrand-Edgeworth approach

Summary. With few exceptions, the literature on the role of capacity as a strategic entry deterrent has assumed Cournot competition in the post-entry game. In contrast, this paper studies a model in which the incumbent and entrant sequentially precommit to capacity levels before competing in price. Interesting deterrence effects arise because firms need time to build, that is, cannot adjust capacity instantaneously in the post-entry game. This approach produces a simple and intuitive set of equilibrium behaviors and generates clear predictions about when these different outcomes are likely to arise. Our model also departs substantially from the existing literature in concluding that sunkness of capacity costs is neither necessary nor sufficient for capacity to have precommitment value. Received: August 25, 1999; revised version: October 15, 1999     

Location decision of managerial firms in an unconstrained Hotelling model

This paper applies an unconstrained Hotelling linear city model to study the effects of managerial delegation on the firms’ location/product differentiation level in a duopoly industry. It is shown that managerial delegation strongly affects firms’ location/product differentiation choice, both in the simultaneous and sequential moves in one of the three-stage location-incentive-pricing game structure of the model. While sequential moves in the location distance/quality differentiation stage decrease the distance among firms, sequential moves in the incentive-pricing stages increase it. The social welfare consequences are analysed.     

自利行为下我国遭遇反倾销诉讼原因的博弈分析

自上世纪90年代以来我国一直是美欧等西方发达国家反倾销的重点国家,这引起了我国学者对于倾销与反倾销的广泛研究。本文从自利行为角度对国企出口遭遇反倾销进行探讨。通过模型建构,得出结论:由于信息的不完全性,这使得进口方更容易错误地认为出口方有倾销行为。