Surplus extraction by network providers: Implications for net neutrality and innovation

This paper looks at surplus extraction by network providers who control the medium of information transfer between application developers and consumers, and addresses the following questions: is net neutrality beneficial to society? and does providing network providers flexibility in pricing stunt innovation in the long run? To answer the first question, it looks at a market consisting of a monopoly network provider and two application providers with non-substitutable products, using a simple single period model. It shows that net neutrality is necessary to ensure maximal benefit to the society. To answer the second question, the paper shows that a monopoly network provider, if allowed complete flexibility in pricing, does not necessarily stunt innovation. Looking at a market that consists of one network provider and one application provider, and using a simple multi-period model, it shows that given maximum flexibility the network provider not only encourages innovation when the potential benefits are sufficiently high but also maximizes surplus. This paper takes the view that the topic of net neutrality is not only controversial but also complicated, and suggests that policy makers use a balanced approach based on sound analysis.     

基于最大边缘分配算法的雷达博弈波形设计

实战背景下雷达目标先验信息有较大的不确定性,基于先验信息设计的波形不能满足参数估计的需要。为解决该问题,提出了一种博弈条件下的雷达波形设计方法。考虑到雷达与干扰机在电子对抗中的非同时性,采用Stackelberg博弈框架进行建模。该方法以优化雷达能量谱分布为策略,采用最大互信息准则建立效用函数。博弈过程中,雷达与干扰机各自根据对手策略优化发射波形,经过多次迭代,双方达到纳什均衡。仿真实验对比了均衡策略与maxmin策略与随机策略,证实了所提算法的有效性。     

制造商统一定价下的双渠道供应链服务决策

双渠道供应链由零售商控制的线下零售渠道和制造商控制的线上销售渠道构成,产品的销售价格由处于强势地位的制造商确定,制造商和零售商分别以自身利益最大化为目标进行独立决策并实施服务差异化策略。在集中式双渠道供应链中,如果制造商采用线上线下不同价的定价策略,消费者对渠道的偏好程度不会影响制造商的定价策略和服务策略。在分散式双渠道供应链中,渠道控制较强的制造商为避免线上线下同品不同价给企业带来的消极影响,制造商制定销售价格后,零售商的线下销售价格只能服从制造商的价格安排,但双方可从服务方面进行差异化经营,产品的销售价格、线上服务水平和线下服务水平将随着消费者对线上渠道接受程度的提高而提高。当市场上多数消费者接受网络购物时,制造商可以通过提高销售价格或提高线上服务水平的方式获得更高利润;当市场上消费者倾向于传统购物渠道时,制造商将会降低销售价格和线上服务水平,零售商也将调低线下服务水平。制造商确定的销售价格和批发价格对零售商服务水平的影响是相反的;线下服务水平将随着销售价格的提高而提高,随着批发价格的提高而降低。     

Optimal trade,industrial, and privatization policies in a mixed duopoly with strategic managerial incentives

Abstract

This paper examines optimal trade, industrial, and privatization policies in a home-market model of mixed international duopoly with strategic managerial incentives. Under linear demand and constant marginal costs, the optimal degree of privatization is shown to depend crucially on cost and demand parameters and on the availability of strategic trade and industrial policies. If both firms are equally efficient, optimal trade and industrial policies drive out the foreign firm and the privatization policy loses its effect on national welfare; however, if the home firm is less efficient, then full privatization combined with an import tariff and a production subsidy is optimal for the home country, while an export subsidy is optimal for the foreign country. If trade and industrial policies are unavailable and if both firms are equally efficient, full state-ownership, which drives out the foreign firm, becomes optimal; however, if the home firm is less efficient, only partial privatization is optimal, The state-ownership share is increased if either the market size grows, the home firm's efficiency increases, or the foreign firm's efficiency decreases. Further, the paper demonstrates the potential conflict between privatization and trade liberalization policies.     

自利行为下我国遭遇反倾销诉讼原因的博弈分析

自上世纪90年代以来我国一直是美欧等西方发达国家反倾销的重点国家,这引起了我国学者对于倾销与反倾销的广泛研究。本文从自利行为角度对国企出口遭遇反倾销进行探讨。通过模型建构,得出结论:由于信息的不完全性,这使得进口方更容易错误地认为出口方有倾销行为。     

Investment under Demand Uncertainty,Ex-Ante Pricing,and Oligopoly

This paper considers the capacity choice of duopolists who set price ex-ante under demand uncertainty with risk-neutrality. The duopolists compete for market shares on the basis of availability of supply, rather than by price competition. Collusive pricing coexists with Cournot–Nash capacity choice. A formal model is presented, where the market share of each firm may deviate from the certainty share due to rationing. With shares reflecting different costs, capacity utilisation for the lower cost firm is expected to be substantially lower. The implications for the price-cost margin and capacity formation are also explored.     

一类生产刚性且价格随机的供应链上主体行为策略研究

运用多阶段动态博弈模型,对生产刚性、价格随机、需求随机条件下的一类供应链上原料供应商与制造商两者的行为策略进行了研究;得出了在不同价格预期分布下,制造商购买零、部分和全部原料等三种行为选择的概率和供应链的期望利润。     

考虑决策时间顺序的自有品牌渠道策略研究

研究在零售商引入自有品牌的条件下,供应链渠道各成员的定价和广告决策问题。运用Stackelberg博弈模型分析不同的广告和定价决策顺序下,供应链最优决策组合以及决策顺序的改变对利润的影响。研究结果表明:在引入自有品牌的条件下,制造商对定价和广告决策顺序的改变会影响零售商引入自有品牌后的利润,尤其是当交叉弹性较高时,制造商在引入自有品牌前后改变决策顺序可以实现制造商和零售商利润的增加。     

Environmental Policy in a Green Market

This paper studies the impact of some frequently-used environmental policies in a duopolistic market where purchasers are willing to pay more for less polluting goods. When consumers differ in their environmental awareness, a cleaner and a dirtier variant coexist in equilibrium. The higher the average willingness-to-pay for the good, the lower are variants' unit emissions but the higher are industrial aggregate effluents. A maximum unit emission standard reduces unit emissions of both variants, but boosts firms' sales and consequently increases industrial aggregate emissions. As a result, social welfare may be reduced. We also explore the effects of technological subsidies and product charges, including differentiation of charges.     

International negotiations on carbon dioxide reductions: A dynamic game model

Is there is a warming trend in the earth's climate caused by an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere, it may be sensible to try to slow down that process by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and, in particular, the emissions of carbon dioxide produced by the energy sector of world economies. For a number of reasons, a consensus on such reductions is difficult to reach. In this article, we model the problem as a dynamic game with national governments, or coalitions of such governments, as players. Clearly, the negotiations on worldwide reductions in CO₂ emissions can succeed only if there exists a cooperative solution superior to the noncooperative one. According to our model, the existence of a collectively preferable cooperative solution depends on the degree of concern among national governments about negative impacts of increased CO₂ concentrations. In addition to this unsurprising conclusion, the model can provide insights as to whose concerns will count most for the success of the negotiations and who will have to be induced by side payments to participate.