企业生存理论研究的文献综述与机理分析

生存或长期生存能力早已被公认为是企业的基本目标。企业能否生存是外部环境因素和企业能力互为作用的结果;但由于经济环境的不断变化,企业生存理论研究的侧重点不同。以企业能力为出发点的研究认为,内部能力是生存的基础;战略管理的研究者认为,战略选择对企业内外的协调作用是影响生存的关键;随着技术创新地位的凸显,技术变迁对企业内外要素的影响成为研究企业生存的焦点。企业生存的影响因素众多且相互关联,在对国内外相关理论进行归纳总结的基础上,从外部环境、内部能力和企业战略相互作用的视角分析了企业的生存机理。     

Foreign Acquisition,Domestic Acquisition and Plant Survival

The literature has postulated that foreign capital participation (through mergers and acquisitions) is associated with more advanced technologies being injected into the acquired targets, and thus it might be reasonable to assume that foreign acquisitions would generate larger effects than domestic acquisitions to the acquired targets. This paper contributes to the discussion by examining the effects of foreign acquisitions versus domestic acquisitions on plant survival to both born-domestic and born-foreign plants. Using 26 cohorts of plants born in Canada between 1973 and 1998, the paper finds that both foreign acquisitions and domestic acquisitions significantly increase life durations of born-domestic plants, although domestic acquisitions generate larger effects. For born-foreign plants, neither foreign acquisitions nor domestic acquisitions significantly change their life span.     

基于关联交易的企业集团信用风险研究

基于合作博弈理论构建了企业集团关联交易基本模型,刻画了企业集团的公允关联交易以及两种广泛存在的、典型的非公允关联交易行为。利用一类Survival Copula函数刻画了不同类型关联交易下的企业集团信用风险,从理论上阐明了关联交易影响企业集团信用风险的基本机制。研究结果表明:通过关联交易"掏空"母公司的行为会使企业集团的信用风险显著增加;存在最优内部资源配置方式可使企业集团的信用风险水平最低。     

中国进口贸易关系持续时间及其影响因素的经验分析

根据2000～2006年海关进口贸易数据,运用Kaplan-Meier曲线和Cox比例风险模型考察中国公司与各贸易伙伴进口贸易关系持续时间及其影响因素。分析发现:(1)从"公司—产品"微观层面上看,中国进口贸易关系持续时间短,中国进口贸易关系是在动态中不断调整的:在大量贸易关系结束的同时,又不断地形成新的贸易关系。(2)语言、人均GDP、GDP、产品交易额和初始交易额等因素对于进口贸易关系持续时间的影响为正,距离因素对于进口贸易关系持续时间的影响为负。     

Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? Agglomeration,competition, firm heterogeneity,and survival

Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.     

Does a “survival-by-exporting” effect for SMEs exist?

The trade literature has long discussed the existence of some benefits attributed to exporting (learning-by-exporting), among others, the improvement in survival chances. This paper examines whether exporting SMEs enjoy better survival prospects than non-exporting SMEs. We investigate the determinants of survival of exporting and non-exporting SMEs and explore whether the exporting behaviour plays a significant role in explaining their probability of exit. For this purpose, we estimate discrete time proportional hazard models that account for unobserved individual heterogeneity. The dataset is a sample of Spanish manufacturing SMEs drawn from the Encuesta sobre Estrategias Empresariales (ESEE) for 1990–2002. After controlling for firm, industry and economy characteristics, we find evidence supporting the existence of a sizeable “surviving-by-exporting” effect. That is, exporting SMEs face a significantly lower probability of failure than non-exporters.     

保障人的生存和发展:生物产业发展的基本方向——以转基因生物产业为例

保障和改善民生、促进人的生存和发展是我国经济社会发展转型的出发点.转基因生物产业发展中备受争议的生物安全、人类健康、生态环境和粮食安全等问题与人的生存和发展息息相关.文章认为,转基因生物产业应以保障人的生存和发展为基本发展方向,把人的生存和发展置于首位;发展的重点应集中在技术研发上,优先重点研发和应用“非转基因”的生物技术品种,谨慎推进转基因生物产业商业化,商业化品种应以自主研发品种为主;完善立法、监测、应急体系,最大程度降低转基因生物产业发展带来的风险.     

Survival of high tech firms: The effects of diversity of product–market portfolios, patents, and trademarks

High tech firms can mitigate potential risks by diversifying their product–market portfolios. A key research question is how such diversification influences firm survival. A firm exits the market in two ways, specifically, dissolution and acquisition. Here, we model how the diversity of a new firm's product–market portfolio influences the times to both types of exits. Specifically, we allow for interaction effects of the competitive intensity of a firm's environment and the diversity of a firm's product–market portfolio with its patents and trademarks. Using a competing risk hazard model, we estimate the effects of various covariates on the time to exit for 1435 US high tech firms.We observed that a more diverse product–market portfolio, in conjunction with a larger number of patents, hastens the time to a firm's exit by dissolution (9% decrease in survival duration), while in conjunction with a larger number of trademarks, portfolio diversity delays the time to exit by dissolution (12% increase). A more competitive firm environment results in a greater effect on the portfolio's diversity in delaying its exit by dissolution (7% increase). On the other hand, a diverse product–market portfolio, combined with either a larger number of patents or trademarks, hastens the firm's exit by acquisition (19% and 11% decrease respectively).     

Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test

The process of new venture creation is central to the field of entrepreneurship. The effects of initial organizing have a direct influence on survival, yet empirical examination of the dimensions of emergent organizations is limited. Using longitudinal data on nascent entrepreneurs, this paper empirically tests four properties of emerging organizations-intentionality, resources, boundary and exchange- and their effect on likelihood of continued organizing [Katz, J., Gartner, W.B., 1988. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review 13(3), 429–441]. Our results suggest that all four properties are necessary for firm survival in the short-term and those firms that organize more slowly are more likely to continue to organize. Further, nascent ventures in which intentionality preceded the other organizing properties were not significantly more likely to continue in the organizing effort. Our results suggest an extension of the original Katz and Gartner [Katz, J., Gartner, W.B., 1988. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review 13(3), 429–441] framework.     

Survival or die: a survival analysis on peer‐to‐peer lending platforms in China

This study examines the probability of survival of online peer‐to‐peer (P2P) lending platforms in China. Our empirical findings show that shareholder's background, platforms’ risk management and institutional environment are three major factors that influence the probability of survival of P2P platforms in China. In addition, the effects of risk control and institutional environment are less pronounced in state‐owned P2P platforms. We also show that platforms that die from abscondence of owners tend to be more short‐lived than others, while platforms that die from liquidity problems are usually due to lack of high‐quality risk management techniques.