Homogeneous middleman groups as superorganisms,endogamous ethnic groups,and trust networks: Reply to comments on Janet Landa’s target article, ‘The bioeconomics of homogeneous middleman groups as adaptive units’

This article responds to some of the very valuable comments on my target article (Landa, J Bioeconomics 10(3):259–278, 2008) on homogeneous middleman groups (HMGs) as adaptive units. In addition to viewing HMGs as adaptive units, I discuss the idea of viewing HMGs as superorganisms and as endogamous ethnic groups, as well as re-emphasizing the importance of HMGs as trust networks. My theory of HMGs as adaptive units shares some similarities with biologists’ ‘biological market theory’ of mutualistic interactions between species.      

会计信息失真原因及治理措施

会计信息失真是指会计信息由于种种原因不能真实地反映企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量状况。会计信息失真客观上存在规则性失真、违规性失真、行为性失真等原因。针对这些现象,一是通过完善会计规则来实现;二是健全法制、监督机制;三是更多的通过鼓励和其他管理方式,加强会计人员的综合素质。     

Dynamic stability and reform of political institutions

This paper examines endogenous institutional change in a class of dynamic political games. The political aggregation rules used at date t+1 are instrumental choices under rules at date t. Effectively, rules are “players” who can strategically delegate future policy-making authority to different rules. A political rule is stable if it selects itself. A reform occurs when an alternative rule is selected. The stability of a political rule is shown to depend on whether its choices are dynamically consistent. For instance, simple majority rules can be shown to be dynamically consistent in many common environments where wealth-weighted voting rules are not. The result extends to political rules that incorporate private activities such as extra-legal protests, threats, or private investment. The approach is one way of understanding various explanations of institutional change proposed in the literature. A parametric model of public goods provision gives an illustration.     

关于在国际承包工程中应注意的几个问题

“走出去”是我国参与全球化产业转移,促进经济结构战略调整,抢占国际市场的必经之路。在承包国际工程中,要做好项目考察与论证,掌握国际项目运作规则,熟悉经营和结算业务,注重外派人员管理。     

谈企业所得税法的完善与发展

随着我国企业改革的逐步深入,特别是我国已正式加入WTO,目前的内外资企业所得税实行差别待遇有悖于国际惯例,已不能完全适应形势需要．取消外资企业税收方面享受的超国民待遇,建立统一的企业所得税法,使内外资企业在平等的起点上公平竞争已是大势所趋．     

避税行为违法性探析——以《企业所得税法》第六章为证

在我国,关于避税的法律性质,总体来说有合法说、违法说、脱法说三种典型观点。这些观点的共同特征,都是承认避税行为具有严重的社会危害性,应该受到法律规制,只不过我国的立法并没有对它进行明文规制而已。本文认为,在《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》颁布以前,关于避税的法律性质,在立法上是存在疑问的,但是,该部法律第六章“特别纳税调整”对避税行为做出了完全的否定性的评价,所有避税行为在我国现在都被认为是违法的。     

WTO反倾销法律制度的最新改革成果探析

WTO规则谈判工作组的主席加尔米斯先生于2007年11月30日公布了一份有关《反倾销协定》的修订草案,这是多哈回合反倾销规则谈判所取得的最新成果,同时也构成了下一阶段谈判的基础和出发点。该草案在归零法、因果关系认定、反规避、日落复审等方面提出了重要的修订意见,并试图协调成员方的不同立场和利益。我们应理性地评估该草案的意义。     

加入WTO对我国会计服务业的影响及发展对策

本文在说明WTO关于会计服务贸易总协定规则的基础上,详细论述了我国会计业所面临的机遇和挑战,加入WTO后对我国会计核算、会计制度和会计人才培养等方面的影响。同时在历述我国各项会计改革的基础上提出了进一步改进我国会计业的对策。     

A Complete Characterization of Efficient Liability Rules: Comment

In a recent article, Jain and Singh (2002) prove that a condition they call negligence liability is necessary and sufficient for any liability rule to be efficient. In this note I criticize their result on two accounts: First, their result crucially depends on implicit restrictions they impose on the liability assignment function. If we drop the assumption that the liability apportionment between two non-negligent parties is constant for all combinations of non-negligent care levels, the equivalence between the condition of negligence liability and the efficiency of liability rules breaks down. Second, their attempt to drop the assumption of uniqueness for the social optimum improves the generality of the model at a substantial cost, since it must be accompanied by a new assumption that is possibly even more unrealistic. The importance of the uniqueness assumption is shown in a simple discrete care model, in which comparative negligence may lead to an inefficient outcome when the existence of two social optima leads us to interpret due care as a varying standard based on the other partys actual choice.     

企业融资的二种基本方式及选择问题

1993年 7月 1日 ,财政部颁布并实施了新的《企业会计准则》和《企业财务通则》 ,使原有企业财务会计制度产生了根本性的改革 ,也使国有企业的经营运作发生了质的飞跃。但随着市场经济的发展及国有企业改革的深化 ,现行的企业财务管理办法和财务制度也暴露出种种局限性和不适应