Benefits analysis of particulate matter control programs – a case study of Tokyo

The objective of this case study was to assess economic benefits of past environmental policies of particulate matter (PM) in Tokyo by comparing observed pre‐control PM levels in 1975 and post‐control levels in 1998. The point estimates of the numbers of additional cases of avoided premature mortality and morbidity due to PM pollution control were (1) 3900 long‐term deaths in adults aged 30 years and older (population 5?098?000), (2) 4700 cases of chronic bronchitis in adults aged 30 years and older, (3) 7800 cases of in‐patient cardiovascular disease in adults aged 65 and older (population 1?281?942), (4) 3100 cases of in‐patient pneumonia in adults aged 65 and older, (5) 2500 cases of in‐patient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults aged 65 and older, (6) 390?000 asthma attacks in asthmatics (population 450?000), and (7) 4500 cases of acute bronchitis in children aged 8–12 (population 300?300) during a one‐year period. The point estimate of medical costs in adults and children plus the cost of lost wages was a purchasing power parity‐adjusted $38 billion USD. Overall these results appear more likely to be underestimates than overestimates due to several unquantified benefits. The calculations of avoided health and productivity impacts suggest that pollution control policies successfully prevented a large expense to the society in extra medical care and lost work time.     

Tourist Perceptions of Climate Change: A Study of International Tourists in Zanzibar

A study was conducted in Zanzibar, Tanzania, in order to understand tourist perceptions of climate change, the importance of climate for travel decisions, and the likely consequences of ongoing climate change for travel decisions. The results show that climatic characteristics of destinations are important, though not the only factor shaping travel decisions. Under a scenario of climate change, certain climate variables, such as more rain, storms, and higher humidity are also likely to negatively influence travel decisions, rather than higher temperatures alone, which are not necessarily perceived as negative. Regarding the contribution of travel to climate change, the study reveals that leisure tourists in Zanzibar are largely unaware of their impact on the natural environment, while the analysis of stated travel behaviour shows that they frequently travel by air. Overall, the results indicate that travel flows might change in more complex ways than currently assumed, and that a small share of high-intensity air travellers is responsible for a considerable environmental impact in terms of climate change.     

汽车节能和排放环保的现状与发展趋势

文章介绍了由于计算机精确控制的、采用多气阀、高压直喷、稀薄燃烧等新技术的汽车发动机正在普及,现代电子控制装置在发动机上已全面应用,由此带来了油耗降低、排放污染下降显著的效果,并指出新型清洁能源车辆逐步走向实用,其相应的社会配套设施将形成一系列大有可为的全新行业。     

论必要航空服务原则在中国空运管理制度之适用

必要航空服务原则起源于美国，后被各航空发达国家广泛采用。该原则适合中国国情，能合理调适开放民航市场与确保国内航线正常平稳发展的潜在冲突，对完善航空管理制度，平衡国家、航空公司以及乘客各方之利益将起到积极作用。但政府对航空公司之经济援助应受到一定限制，否则会对航空业造成过度干预，从而导致不公平竞争。必要航空服务原则的适用，要求完善我国的航线网络，并对我国航空管理法律制度产生诸多深刻的影响。     

论火力发电厂循环水泵房出水管抗推部分的结构设计

文章以某2×300MW机组火力发电厂循环水泵房为例，介绍了循环水泵房结构出水管抗推部分的设计方法。     

铁路空调客车送风道试验台的研制与调试

通过研制铁路空调客车送风道性能实验台,重点对送风控制和测量系统、送风末端装置和风道的风量、静压及阻力测试系统进行分析研究。对Y25型硬座客车静压均匀送风道进行空气动力性能实验表明:该实验台的测试调节性能良好,风量适应范围广,同时可以模拟客车内部的温度场和速度场的测试要求。     

钻井液用聚丙烯酰胺钾盐中钾含量测定的不确定度评定

"测量不确定度"是当前国际上表示检测结果的通用做法,如何对测量结果的不确定度进行合理的评定,是一直以来困扰检测实验室的一个难题。依据测量不确定度的评价原则,首先通过对四苯硼钠、滴定度等一系列可能产生不确定度的分量进行计算,最后合成钾含量测定的不确定度。对钻井液用聚丙烯酰胺钾盐中钾含量测定的不确定度进行了评定,对钻井液化学剂的准确检测具有借鉴意义。     

长庆钻井井控安全应急管理与实践

通过对长庆钻井总公司在长庆油田区域钻井施工中的井控应急管理及应急抢险实践做了全面的分析,通过总结分析,认为井控应急管理工作要紧紧围绕实现"杜绝井喷事故、杜绝人员有毒有害气体中毒"的井控工作目标,要通过不断完善井控应急管理网络和完善井控应急管理制度,树立"积极井控"理念,立足于一次井控,坚持"发现溢流立即关井、疑似溢流关井检查"的关井原则,做到"不发生、控得住、治得了",重视井控应急资源的配备、加强井控应急预案演练和应急抢险的组织是确保井控险情处置安全与成功的保障。     

无磷循环冷却水处理药剂的研究与开发

目前国内的循环水系统普遍使用含磷药剂配方,而含磷废水排放会对水环境造成污染.文章开发了以聚环氧琥珀酸为主要成分的无磷水处理药剂配方,试验表明无磷水处理药剂配方的阻垢缓蚀性能达到了常规有磷药剂的指标,而且可以进一步提高循环水的浓缩倍数,它的应用可以解决循环水磷超标排放的问题.