生物技术在资源与环境保护领域中的应用

本文从资源与环境保护的角度出发,重点论述了生物技术在这一领域的应用现状与发展前景,指出现代生物技术将会在21世纪的资源与环境保护领域中发挥重要作用。     

Do Voluntary Biotechnology Labels Matter to the Consumer? Evidence from the Fluid Milk Market

This article examines the effects on the demand of voluntary labeling for the use of genetically modified growth hormone for retail fluid milk using supermarket scanner data. Retail fluid milk tracks one of the first biotechnology products approved, is fairly standardized and ubiquitous, and allows for cross-sectional differentiation between labeled and unlabeled products and between conventional and organic brands. The results indicate that voluntary labeling increases the demand for recombinant bovine growth hormone free milk. In addition, the estimated effects of labeling appear to have increased over time.     

Country—specific advantage and international cooperation

This paper tests the hypothesis that country-specific advantage embedded in firms of a particular nationality is a motivation for international interfirm cooperation. A sample of domestic and international cooperative relationships formed by Japanese firms in the commercialization of biotechnology is used to identify factors which differentiate domestic from foreign partners. The findings support our hypothesis that country-specific advantage is a significant variable in explaining differences between cooperative relationships with partners of different countries. The results of this study indicate that interfirm cooperation has implications for the international competitiveness of both firms and nations in high technology industries.     

Exploration and exploitation alliances in biotechnology: a system of new product development

We link the exploration–exploitation framework of organizational learning to a technology venture's strategic alliances and argue that the causal relationship between the venture's alliances and its new product development depends on the type of the alliance. In particular, we propose a product development path beginning with exploration alliances predicting products in development, which in turn predict exploitation alliances, and that concludes with exploitation alliances leading to products on the market. Moreover, we argue that this integrated product development path is moderated negatively by firm size. As a technology venture grows, it tends to withdraw from this product development path to discover, develop, and commercialize promising projects through vertical integration. We test our model on a sample of 325 biotechnology firms that entered 2565 alliances over a 25‐year period. We find broad support for the hypothesized product development system and the moderating effect of firm size. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

谈现代生物技术改写传统食品发酵工艺的历史

人类对生命科学研究的持续开展极大地促进了农业生物技术和工业生物技术的发展,引发了人类健康事业的历史性变革。现代化生物技术的突飞猛进,改写了食品发酵工艺的历史。展望现代生物技术领域的发展趋势,把握世界现代生物技术领域的发展态势,对大力提高我国科技自主创新能力具有极其重要的意义。     

An analysis of bundle pricing: the case of biotech seeds

Biotechnology has provided opportunities for strategic management and pricing of patented products. This article analyzes the economics and strategy of bundling and bundle pricing of biotech traits in seeds. When the bundling of genes/traits is decided by biotech firms, firms may choose among subadditive pricing, component pricing, or superadditive pricing strategies. We argue that complementarity among component genes contributes to subadditive pricing, while substitution among components contributes to superadditive pricing. The nature of bundle pricing is explored empirically using U.S. seed corn data from 2000 to 2007. We document that subadditive bundle pricing of traits is commonly found in the seed corn market. However, we also present evidence of superadditive pricing and component pricing. The presence of different pricing and bundling strategies suggests a rapidly advancing and complex market. The preponderance of subadditive pricing suggests that trait bundling offers benefits to farmers exhibiting strong demand for multiple complementary genetic traits.     

The Dynamics of Agricultural Biotechnology Adoption: Lessons from series rBST Use in Wisconsin, 1994–2001

This article exploits panel data from Wisconsin dairy farmers to examine the dynamics of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) adoption and to identify the characteristics that distinguish among nonadopters, disadopters, and early and late adopters. Panel methods are used to control for omitted variables and endogenous regressors that call into question coefficient estimates derived from cross-section adoption models. The results, however, confirm previous findings that larger farms with complementary feeding technologies are more likely to adopt rBST, nonadopters appear quite unlikely to become adopters, and rBST adoption will remain at rather moderate levels in Wisconsin.     

生物技术的负面影响

本文简要介绍了生物技术给人类社会带来的益处后，主要探讨了生物技术带来的若干负面效应，诸如转基因作物的潜在危险性，克隆人带来的问题，基因武器的灾难，基因歧视和基因鸿沟问题，生物技术的专利授予和生物资源保护等问题，最后，作者提出要正确认识科技进步，要用道德，伦理和法律杜绝其负面效应。     

Refuge Strategies for Managing Pest Resistance in Transgenic Agriculture

When the application of pesticides placesselective evolutionary pressure on pestpopulations it can be useful to plant refugeareas: crop areas intended to encourage thebreeding of pests susceptible to the pesticide. Renewed interest in refuge areas has arisenwith recent advances in biotechnology andgenetically modified (GM) crops. This paperuses a simple model of evolution of pestpopulation and pest resistance to characterizethe socially optimal refuge strategy to managepest resistance. We show both that theestablishment of refuge areas might best bedelayed until resistance becomes an importantconcern, and that the use of refuge areas inthe long-run use will not be optimal if thefitness cost of resistance does not exceed thediscount rate.     

德国的工业生物技术

德国的工业生物技术具有很长的历史,目前在各行业的应用迅速增长.通过发展工业生物技术,德国提高了工业的竞争力和创造了大量就业机会.德国具有发展工业生物技术的雄厚工业基础及技术优势,但缺乏风险资本和配套政策.因此,目前德国正在研究发展工业生物技术的相关政策.