近10年京津冀地区农业科技发展态势分析

［目的］随着京津冀一体化协同发展的深入推进,近年来京津冀地区现代农业的发展在实践和创新中突飞猛进。通过调研分析京津冀农业科技发展现状及近10年农业领域的科技文献,挖掘该地区的农业核心科研机构,判读农业科技热点和新兴技术等发展态势,旨在为京津冀地区未来农业科技发展布局和政策的制定提供信息支撑。［方法］文章分别选取2008—2018年北京市、天津市和河北省的SCI和CPCI论文,运用DDA和VOSviewer等文献计量可视化软件,结合EI算法、Cosine算法和共词分析算法,对比分析3省市的农业科技发展态势。［结果］研究结果表明,在土地、水资源和农业就业人员等条件相对缺乏的情况下,京津冀地区现代农业的发展得益于科技的投入和科研的进步,其中北京市是京津冀地区中对科技高端人才、资源和经费投入最多的地区,在现代农业科技创新研究和科技发展态势方面,生物技术及相关研究是京津冀地区农业领域近年来的研究热点和发展方向。［结论］中央和地方政府应进一步优化京津冀地区的农业发展政策、重点发展领域、科研经费使用和科研机构配置。     

Trends affecting the next generation of U.S. agricultural biotechnology: Politics, policy, and plant-made pharmaceuticals

This paper analyzes the structure and history of regulatory policies in the United States, focusing on recent regulatory changes due to the promise and threat posed by plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs). PMPs are the latest advance in the genetic engineering of plants and promise to produce medicines inexpensively and abundantly by using a range of different plants as factories to express active medicinal ingredients; however, PMPs may pose a risk to the public's health if they enter the food supply. How the benefits and risks of PMPs are addressed by the respective government's regulation and how this will affect what, if any, products make it to the marketplace and their ultimate success are of great concern to many different parties, ranging from consumers and farmers to health and food production industries. As a result, this paper addresses the history of agricultural biotechnology regulatory policy since 1972, arguing that three distinct periods may be identified: (1) from 1972 to 1986 when the new biotechnology was focused on scientific self-regulation in the laboratory; (2) from 1987 to 2002, as the technology was being developed and widespread release of certain technologies became more common and was not perceived as an environmental threat, regulations became increasingly laxer; and finally, (3) we argue that we are entering a third phase with a series of controversies over regulatory infractions involving genetically engineered (GE) plants and the potential threats posed by PMPs.     

中国生物产业的现状及发展对策

文章扼要论述了中国生物技术产业的现状，分析了发展生物技术产业的优势，概括为：广大的市场，丰富的资源，悠久的文化传统，有相对优势的知识产权，有潜力的研究队伍和优惠的政策；还讨论了存在的问题；缺乏强有力的内行投资人，技术持有者错位，界定不清的知识产权，不够成熟的技术以及市场不够规范，文章最后对生物技术产业发展提出了一些对策。     

Bioenergy innovation and energy policy

Using panel data on 13 OECD countries between 1979 and 2008 this paper examines the affect climate and energy policies have had on the rate of biotechnology innovations. The explanatory variables include a vector of important determinants of patenting activity for biotechnologies (e.g. specific and general research and development expenditures, energy consumption, energy prices and total number of registered patents). Fixed effects are employed to capture unobservable country-specific heterogeneity using a negative binomial model. The empirical results indicate that policies are important for stimulating innovations in biotechnologies. The development of feed-in-tariffs (FITs) and the implementation of tradable green certificates have had a positive and statistically significant impact on patent activity. The economic impact of green certificates is found to be larger than that of FITs. In addition, R&D activities have also had a positive and statistically significant effect on innovation.     

Crop research,biotech canola,and innovation policy in Canada: Challenges,opportunities, and evolution

Increased investment in agricultural research could contribute to sustainable development goals and benefit farmers, consumers, the environment, and the economy. This paper provides recent evidence and a critical assessment of the evolving Canadian canola crop development and innovation policy and compares it to the wheat and pulse sectors that differ in degree of biotechnology adoption, seeded acreage, intellectual property rights, and private sector involvement. This study also assesses how crop characteristics and technological changes affect future optimal public policy. A number of innovation policies are discussed that could stimulate further growth within the crop sector.     

Dynamic Supply Response and Welfare Effects of Technological Change on Perennial Crops: The Case of Cocoa in Malaysia

Modern biotechnology will generate crops with higher yields and enhanced resistance to pests and diseases. In the case of perennial crops, the age composition of the present stand, the farmers' willingness to invest, and the yield profiles of old and new trees determine the speed of adoption of the new technology and the timing of the effects on supply and demand conditions. We adapt conventional welfare measures to account for these factors in the Assessment of research induced supply shifts. The application to cocoa in Malaysia shows that consumers and adopting producers gain and non-adopters lose. Overall, 72% of the welfare gains go to the consumers.     

Research Networks And Organisational Mobility In An Emerging Technological Field: The Case Of Plant Biotechnology

This paper builds on social network theory to understand technological development. Based on the empirical evidence of 367 research organisations in plant biotechnology over a nineteen-year period, we demonstrate how a structural analysis of the research network within the technological community is used to identify four collaboration-based strategic groups of research organisations. The emergence of these groups can be linked to technological breakthroughs in the field. Analyses of the four clusters point to the influence of research collaborations on stratification within an evolving technological domain. Finally, as archival data sources are used to detect incidences of collaborative research and to trace the evolution of R&D networks in an emerging field, we conclude with a discussion of the potential contribution of bibliometric data to understand the development of new technologies in their early, pre-commercial phases.     

分子生物学技术在农产品安全检测中的应用

本文主要介绍了酶联免疫分析技术、基因芯片技术、分子印迹技术、聚合酶链式反应技术、试纸条快速检测技术、流动注射免疫分析技术、生物传感器技术、等分子生物学检测技术的原理、开发及其在农产品中有毒有害物质检测中的应用。     

高素质应用型生物学人才的培养模式探析

新世纪高素质应用型生物学人才的培养主要通过生物技术专业的人才培养来实现。该文比较了我国生物技术专业的人才培养目标、培养方案和培养模式,分析了生物技术专业产学研结合情况,发现现状不容乐观,由于涉及技术保密、车间GMP管理等问题,学生并不能真正参与生产过程。最后对生物技术专业办学提出了5点建议,并重点建议生物技术专业办学应该建设一个模拟生物技术领域大部分制造、研发工艺的实训平台。