Partial moment volatility indices

Forward‐looking partial moment volatility indices are developed using state‐pricing, called the bear index (BEX) and bull index (BUX). Using S&P 500 index (SPX) option prices, we find that BEX and BUX provide superior forecasts for the lower and upper partial moments of future market realised volatility, respectively. We examine the relation between SPX returns and changes in BEX and BUX at the daily level. Results are consistent with the volatility feedback hypothesis. Further, we show that BEX may be more suitable as the ‘investor fear gauge’ than VIX.     

Board governance and corporate performance

We examine the link between the monitoring capacity of the board and corporate performance of UK listed firms. We also investigate how firms use the flexibility offered by the voluntary governance regime to make governance choices. We find a strong positive association between the board governance index we construct and firm operating performance. Our results imply that adherence to the board‐related recommendations of the UK Corporate Governance Code strengthens the board's monitoring capacity, potentially helping mitigate agency problems, but that investors do not value it correspondingly. Moreover, in contrast to prior UK findings suggesting efficient adoption of Code recommendations, we find that firms at times use the Code flexibility opportunistically, aiming to decrease the monitoring capacity of the board, which is followed by subsequent underperformance. This finding questions the effectiveness of the voluntary approach to governance regulation followed in the UK and in many countries around the world.     

“营改增”影响地方政府税收努力研究

基于随机前沿分析法（SFA）测算2011-2015年我国地方政府税收努力程度,并运用双重差分法考察“营改增”对地方征税行为的影响。研究发现：“营改增”将地方税（营业税）变为共享税（增值税）,显著降低了地方政府税收努力程度;改革对税收努力的冲击受经济发展水平、转移支付额度和税收返还的影响,获取转移支付收入和税收返还越多的地区税收努力下降速度越快。后“营改增”时期,如何提高税收效率,缓解地方财政收入对转移支付和债务收入的依赖性,是理顺中央和地方财税关系,完善财税收入体系的重要问题。     

Marriage between credit cards and the Internet: Buying is just a click away!

This paper examines whether Internet access positively affects credit card balances. To that end, we compare the 2010 and 2013 Surveys of Consumer Finances, analyze the consistency of the results over time, and provide the rationale for any resulting differences. Using the censored techniques, our results indicate that Internet access has a positive effect on credit card balances, which suggests that consumers with Internet access are prone to higher balances compared to those without. The probability of carrying positive balances was larger in 2010 compared to 2013. Overall, the results suggest that, while the financial crisis might have contributed to higher balances in 2010, the economic recovery afterward seems to have eased the burden of credit card debt.     

An Analysis of Trade Patterns and the Effects of the Real Exchange Rate Movements in East Asia

This article investigates the patterns of vertical specialization in trade among China, Japan and Korea, and the effects of real exchange rate fluctuations under a multistage production process. By extending the models of Yi (2003, 2010), we derive two distinct features of vertical specialization and test them using Time-Varying Parameter (TVP) VAR. We find that a positive shock to China’s final good consumption increases the intermediate goods trade between Korea and China, with expanding magnitude over time. In addition, the positive effect of a real exchange rate depreciation on intermediate goods trade is strengthened through the competitiveness-enhancing channel, with this effect being more pronouncing in Korea-China trade than in Korea-Japan trade.     

Inclusion climate: A multilevel investigation of its antecedents and consequences

This study investigates the antecedents and consequences of organization‐level inclusion climate. A national sample of human resource decision‐makers from 100 organizations described their firms' formal diversity management programs; 3,229 employees reported their perceptions of, and reactions to, their employers' diversity management. Multilevel analyses demonstrate that identity‐conscious programs (programs that target specific identity groups) generate an inclusion climate. Moreover, the analyses provide evidence of multilevel mediation: In organizations with an inclusion climate, individual employees perceive the organization as fulfilling its diversity management obligations and respond with higher levels of affective commitment. This study represents an important step toward understanding how a shared perception of organizational inclusiveness develops and how inclusion climate facilitates the achievement of diversity management objectives. The findings also shed light on the important role of identity‐conscious programs in promoting organizational commitment within a diverse workforce.     

Modified efficient importance sampling for partially non‐Gaussian state space models

The construction of an importance density for partially non‐Gaussian state space models is crucial when simulation methods are used for likelihood evaluation, signal extraction, and forecasting. The method of efficient importance sampling is successful in this respect, but we show that it can be implemented in a computationally more efficient manner using standard Kalman filter and smoothing methods. Efficient importance sampling is generally applicable for a wide range of models, but it is typically a custom‐built procedure. For the class of partially non‐Gaussian state space models, we present a general method for efficient importance sampling. Our novel method makes the efficient importance sampling methodology more accessible because it does not require the computation of a (possibly) complicated density kernel that needs to be tracked for each time period. The new method is illustrated for a stochastic volatility model with a Student's t distribution.     

Logics,Leaders, Lab Coats: A Multi‐Level Study on How Institutional Logics are Linked to Entrepreneurial Intentions in Academia

Situated in the context of academia, this study integrates ideas from institutional theory, person‐environment fit theory and leadership research to conceptualize and examine the cross‐level link between the organizational‐level institutional logic of research commercialization and the entrepreneurial intentions of researchers. Multi‐level analyses based on a sample of 254 researchers working for 85 research group leaders in 49 German research institutes reveal that two distinct attributes of research group leaders – that is, their track records of entrepreneurial behaviour and their entrepreneurial intentions – play a significant role in transmitting the organizational‐level logic to the individual level. We also observe a complementary interaction between organizational‐level commercialization logic and the entrepreneurial track records of leaders. We discuss how these findings advance our understanding of science commercialization through academic entrepreneurship and how they inform institutional theory and theory development in other domains of entrepreneurship research.     

基于供给侧结构性改革的我国农产品供需及收益现状分析

［目的］在我国实施农业供给侧结构改革的大背景下,分析我国主要农产品玉米、大豆、水稻供需及成本收益现状,以把握农业供给侧结构性改革的成效及存在问题,为推进农业供给侧结构性改革及实现农业供需平衡、保证农民受益具有重要意义。［方法］将影响农业经济增长的因素分为市场需求与市场供给两部分,而市场需求包括国内需求和国外需求,市场供给则只指国内供给。分别采集我国玉米、大豆、水稻这3种典型农产品的国内市场需求、国外市场需求和国内市场供给3部分数据,并将市场需求与市场供给数据进行对比,由此分析我国农业供给侧农产品供需现状及存在的问题,指出我国农业供给侧结构性改革发展方向。［结果］（1）我国农产品仍面临着供需不平衡、农民成本收益率低、农产品价格高导致国际市场竞争力低等问题,农业供给侧结构性改革是国家的重大战略,我国通过降低农作物播种面积来降低产能最终实现农产品供需平衡效果微乎其微; （2）我国的农产品产能是相对过剩,并非绝对过剩; （3）我国农产品市场供给一端的要素没有得到有效调节,使农产品生产成本过高,是导致农产品缺少市场竞争力的主要因素。［结论］积极拓宽农产品国外销售市场来增加农产品需求渠道,调节农产品国内市场供给要素,降低农产品生产成本,提高农产品生产质量,增加我国农产品竞争力,是我国通过农业供给侧结构性改革实现农产品供需平衡的必然之路。     

近30年来我国粮食产量波动影响因素分析

[目的]根据粮食产量波动特征,从自然因素、科技因素(物质装备)、社会经济因素和农业生产条件等方面对粮食产量的影响进行量化分析,为科学合理地制定农业政策,保障我国粮食安全提供理论依据。[方法]文章利用HP滤波法分析1978—2010年我国粮食产量波动特征,并采用灰色关联与层析分析相结合的综合评价法定量分析不同波动周期各影响因子对我国粮食产量波动的影响度。[结果](1)改革开放以来,我国粮食产量经历了完整的6个波动阶段,平均波动周期为6年;(2)除1994—2000年,各波动周期的粮食产量受科技因素的影响最大,且影响日益显著,影响度从1978—1981年的37. 0%增加到2006—2010年的48. 3%,其中,有效灌溉面积的影响增大趋势最为明显,其次是农业机械总动力,化肥施用量的影响呈减弱趋势;(3)社会经济因素对粮食产量的影响呈波动性增加的规律,2006—2010年影响度达到24. 9%;(4)农业生产条件对粮食产量的影响在20世纪80年代初期与科技因素基本持平,此后,除1994—2000年,与科技因素的影响度差距越来越大,到2000—2006年对粮食产量的影响度仅为16. 6%,其中,耕地面积的影响度下降最多,到2006—2010年,影响度仅为1. 1%;自然因素对粮食产量波动的影响最小,且较为稳定,除1985—1988年影响度达到24. 3%,其余波动周期均在8. 7%~12. 4%之间,2006—2010年影响度为10. 2%。[结论]完善农田水利灌溉体系,加强对农业机械指导的"重科技"举措比单纯增加后备耕地数量、改善应对气候变化与自然灾害能力的"靠资源"发展更为有效;加大农田水利投入,完成灌区续建配套与灌排泵站更新改造是目前最重要的发展方向。