Cognitive Theory and Moral Behavior: The Contribution of F. A. Hayek to Business Ethics

This paper shows how business ethics as a concept may be approached from a cognitive viewpoint. Following F. A. Hayek's cognitive theory, I argue that moral behavior evolves and changes because of individual perception and action. Individual moral behavior becomes a moral rule when prominently displayed by members of a certain society in a specific situation. A set of moral rules eventually forms the ethical code of a society, of which business ethics codes are only a part. By focusing on the concept of "limited" or "dispersed knowledge" that underlies the cognitive approach, I show that universal ethical norms that should lead to defined outcomes cannot exist. This approach moreover shows the limits of deliberate rule-setting. Attempts to deliberately impose universal ethical rules on societies may turn out to be harmful for societal development and lead to an abuse of governmental power.     

Public system usability analysis for the valuation of cognitive burden and interface standardization: A case study of cross-ATM design

Humans are unable to effectively handle machines that have poor interface and interaction patterns. The Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is one of the machines that is most frequently operated by a wide spectrum of people. Hence, it is common to apply Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) technology in the design of ATMs. User–ATM interaction, however, has barriers such as a user’s working memory limit, lower literacy level, or lack of awareness and access. Moreover, the diversity of interfaces hurt user motivation, perception, and experience significantly. For example, each bank has its own ATM design targeting its customers only and, thus, when clients of other banks come across such a machine, they suffer from cognitive burden and commit many errors. To this end, we conduct an analytical survey of ATMs used in Pakistan through user analysis and heuristics analysis. We figure out the influence of design diversity and user perception on ATM users’ cognitive stress with the cognitive walkthrough analysis on the survey. We also uncover a realism-usability gap by reviewing the sampled ATM screens from the viewpoint of HCI heuristics. Finally, we suggest the guidelines on the cross-ATM design, characterized by the standardized fast-cash menu and the fail-safe mechanism for novices. This study demonstrates that users are reluctant to switch out of their comfort zones, due to learning costs and a lack of motivation. Therefore, we should design public systems in a very standardized way, which becomes more crucial for a user’s cognitive relief as interface and design patterns are becoming more diverse in our daily lives.     

认知OFDM系统旁瓣抑制新方法

针对认知正交频分复用（OFDM）系统带外辐射（OBR）严重问题,在研究基于功率谱密度的主动干扰消除算法（PSD-AIC）模型的基础上,提出了动态PSD-AIC的方法,通过对每一子载波位置OBR的计算,比较选择出OBR取值最小处,作为对消子载波的最优位置,显著改善了系统对OBR的抑制性能（增大约10dB）。对比分析了算法的计算开销,研究了设计参数对OBR的影响,提出了实际应用时的参数选择基准。仿真结果和理论分析表明,动态PSD-AIC方法可以显著减小带外干扰。与PSD-AIC方法相比,旁瓣抑制深度可增加约10dB;与传统AIC方法相比,只需相似计算量,干扰抑制性能便可明显增加。     

基于L频段数字航空通信系统1的F-OFDM波形设计

随着航空飞行器种类和数量的激增以及第五代（5G）移动通信系统和物联网（IoT）时代的到来,下一代航空无线通信系统面临着高安全性、大传输容量、低延时、强鲁棒性、高灵活性和综合业务提供等新的挑战。为此,提出了一种基于L频段数字航空通信系统1（L-DACS1）的滤波正交频分复用（F-OFDM）波形设计方法并探讨了可能的技术演进路径。首先引入了认知无线电、非连续载波干涉码OFDM和滤波器的思想,然后针对不同航空飞行器用户动态自适应配置波形参数。仿真结果表明,该方法得到的系统波形具有较低的带外辐射功率、优良的块误码率性能和较高的吞吐量增益。     

LAT模型中基于次用户权值优化的频谱感知

全双工认知无线电LAT（Listen-and-Talk）模型因自干扰消除不完全而使得频谱感知能力下降。为提升频谱感知性能,提出了LAT模型下基于次用户加权的协作式频谱感知方法,分别研究了决策融合和数据融合下次用户最优权值的算法。求解最优权值时利用了凸优化方法,在处理非凸问题时利用了序列规划的方法,得到了较好的优化结果。仿真实验表明,在加权融合机制下的LAT模型得到了趋近于传统LBT（Listen-before-Talk）模型的频谱感知能力。     

企业家认知风格对企业成长的影响——以柯达公司为例

以柯达公司为例,采用案例研究法探究企业家认知风格对企业成长的影响。研究发现,企业家认知风格通过影响企业战略进而影响企业成长。在企业发展的不同阶段,企业家认知风格不同,对于企业成长的作用也不同。在企业初创期、成长期以及转型期,创新型认知风格占据主导地位。此时,企业或需要马上占领市场,发展核心竞争力和竞争优势,或需要应对危机,实现企业转型发展。创新型认知风格可以引导企业家打破原有经营模式,创造性地选取适合企业发展的企业战略进而促进企业成长。在企业成熟期和衰退期,适应型认知风格占据主导地位,此时,企业专注于自身的稳定经营,在维持原有竞争优势的基础上,实现企业稳定成长。     

基于权值优化的认知WiMax信号协同识别

传统的正交频分复用（OFDM）系统识别算法只能识别出接收信号是否为基于全球微波互联接入技术（WiMax）的OFDM信号,但无法判断该信号是认知信号,并且在复杂电磁环境下识别正确率低。为此,提出了一种协同识别认知WiMax无线网络OFDM信号的算法。该算法首先利用OFDM信号的循环自相关特性估计信号的有用符号时间,并通过估计各协同感知节点的信噪比对时间参数的估计值进行加权,得到有用符号时间的协同估计值,进而判断接收信号是否为基于WiMax系统的OFDM信号;再通过自私攻击策略,实现对OFDM信号是否是认知WiMax信号的判别,为进一步研究认知WiMax网络节点定位技术奠定了基础。仿真结果表明,与非协同识别算法相比,提出的协同识别算法在多径和低信噪比条件下具有更高的识别率。     

利用秩和检验的多天线协作频谱感知

高效稳定的频谱感知是认知无线电系统的关键环节。传统的能量检测算法受噪声不确定性影响,而协方差矩阵类算法在天线相关性低时性能较差。针对上述缺陷,利用秩来衡量由信道衰落导致的同一感知时刻不同天线上的信号功率差异,提出通过构建秩和统计量来实现频谱感知的算法。另外,推导了所提算法判决门限的理论表达式,结果显示其不受采样点数影响,因此当采样点数变化时无需重新设置门限。理论分析和仿真表明所提算法不受噪声不确定度的影响,并且在低天线相关性时可以保持良好的性能。     

基于统计可信度的压缩感知协作频谱检测算法

压缩感知为认知无线电的宽频谱感知提供了一种新的方法和思路。基于压缩感知的原理,提出了一种多认知用户协作场景下基于用户统计可信度的协作频谱检测算法。该算法使用正交匹配协作追踪算法获得认知区域内的频谱占用情况,根据不同认知用户频谱检测的历史准确度综合判定用户感知结果的统计可信度。仿真结果表明,该算法在不同用户数、不同采样值、不同信噪比变化范围下其检测性能均优于传统算术平均方法,有效改善了检测性能。     

Exploring new product portfolio management decisions: The role of managers' dispositional traits

Product strategy links to new product development (NPD) through new product portfolio management (NPPM). This dynamic decision process addresses the strategy implementation questions of identifying which new product ideas to pursue and their relative priorities. Despite the importance of NPPM in implementing product strategy, firms exhibit substantial performance-affecting differences. We investigate one potential source for such differences by examining the impact of managers' dispositional factors as a possible explanation. Using a case study research method, we examine differences in NPPM strategies and managers' revealed dispositional traits across three divisions of a single conglomerate firm operating in different business-to-business markets. Based on our analysis, we offer propositions relating managers' dispositions to NPPM strategy: analytic cognitive style is associated with balance, ambiguity tolerance is associated with strategic fit, and leadership style is associated with the relative weights applied to each dimension.