农地价值构成与农地产权设置的经济学分析

农地价值分析是构建农地产权制度的前提,是优化农地资源配置和利用的基础。本文通过建立农地利用动态最优模型来深入探析农地的价值构成及其属性特征,并在此基础上进一步明确农地产权的界定及其各子权利柬的价值内涵。     

如何减少电能计量装置综合误差的技术和管理措施

供电、用电双方都希望所使用的电能计量装置运行可靠,避免产生不良影响。但结合实践工作经验来看,现阶段的技术条件支持下,所使用电能计量装置尽管能够最大限度上的控制误差,但仍然无法避免误差的存在。为此,本文围绕电能计量装置综合误差这一中心问题,探讨了在减少综合误差应采取的技术性措施以及管理性措施,望能够有助于对电能计量装置综合使用能力与水平的进一步提升。     

可持续发展视角下自然资源价格构成的进一步研究

自然资源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础和经济基础。在资源枯竭和环境污染日益严重的今天,必须重新认识自然资源的价格。文章从可持续发展的视角研究了自然资源的价格构成成分及其相互之间的关系,提出自然资源的价格由内部价值和外部性成本构成,内部价值包括天然价值和人工价值,外部性成本包括环境成本、生态成本和代际补偿成本。只有清楚认识自然资源的价格构成及其关系,才能为自然资源的定价提供客观科学的依据。     

江西省城镇土地利用结构信息熵分析研究

土地利用结构,是指一个国家、地区或生产单位的土地面积中各种用地之间的比例关系或组成。本文基于信息熵和均衡度原理,采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法,对江西省11个设区市的城镇土地利用结构进行了分析,进一步研究了城镇土地利用结构信息熵与城镇发展的关联性。最后,从盘活存量用地和低效用地、发展地下空间、确定差别化用地政策和明确项目用地供应时序等方面对促进江西省城镇用地科学利用提出了有关建议。     

The composition effects of tax-based consolidation on income inequality

Many advanced economies have recently embarked on fiscal austerity. As this has come at a time of high and rising income disparities, policy-makers have fretted about the inequality effects of fiscal consolidations. We shed new light on this issue by empirically investigating the (composition) effects of tax-based consolidations on income inequality, output and labour market conditions for a sample of 16 OECD countries over the period 1978–2012. We find that tax-based consolidations reduce income inequality, but at the cost of weaker economic activity. However, tax composition does matter. Indirect taxes reduce income inequality by more than direct taxes, possibly due to the operation of a positive labour supply channel. Higher indirect taxes increase the price of the consumption basket and create incentives for agents to increase their labour supply. We find this effect to be stronger for middle-aged women. Looking at specific instruments, general consumption taxes and personal taxes are the most suited to reduce inequality while at the same time minimizing the equity-efficiency trade-off.     

2种市售羊肚菌氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为开发市售羊肚菌资源,探讨其营养价值,以云南和四川市售羊肚菌为材料,利用酸度计和自动氨基酸分析仪对其游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸组分进行检测,为市售羊肚菌的开发提供数据支撑。结果表明,云南源羊肚菌游离氨基酸显著高于四川源羊肚菌;2种市售羊肚菌均含有17种水解氨基酸,7种人体必需氨基酸,氨基酸总量为20.54~22.93 g/100 g,必需氨基酸含量为7.42~8.64 g/100 g,第1限制氨基酸为亮氨酸和异亮氨酸。氨基酸比值系数分为80.67~85.48,必需氨基酸指数均高于FAO/WHO推荐营养模式。从应用价值层次分析,以味觉和功能氨基酸为开发目标,四川源羊肚菌较为适宜;以药用性氨基酸为开发目标,云南源羊肚菌较为适宜。     

Board gender composition,board independence and sustainable supply chain responsibility

The consideration of social and environmental factors in companies’ supply chain is a prevalent research topic because stakeholders are now inquisitive about the social and environmental impacts of companies’ suppliers. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, we find that board gender composition and board independence are positively associated with sustainable supply chain responsibility (SSCR). We also identify three channels (CEO duality, sustainability committee and sensitive industries) through which board gender composition and board independence affect SSCR, where board gender composition consistently explains SSCR, but the effect of board independence is less pronounced in firms with CEO duality and firms with a sustainability committee. Finally, we explore the reason for the less-pronounced findings for board independence in our subsample analyses and find that, compared with independent female directors who continue to display significant associations with SSCR, independent male directors do not engender SSCR across the three subsample tests.     

Export and import composition as determinants of bilateral trade in goods: evidence from Russia

Conventional theory and several empirical studies state that incomes and exchange rates are the key determinants of the trade balance. Here, we argue that export and import composition are also key explanatory variables because some goods are inelastic and/or with a high added value, directly and indirectly affecting income and price elasticities and trade balance. Thus, if exports and/or imports significantly consist of price inelastic products, then, a positive and a negative effect, respectively, should be expected on the trade balance. Using bilateral trade data and dynamic panel models, we found that the ratio of exports of crude petroleum and natural gas (price inelastic goods) to total exports is significantly and positively associated with the Russian trade balance in goods. For its part, Russian imports of high-tech goods (income elastic and price inelastic with a high added value) show a negative association. The goods balance of Russia also responded to changes in relative income, but there is only weak evidence of reactions to changes in the exchange rate. These findings partially explain the persistent surplus in the Russian trade balance and current account.     

信用微观视角下的C2C卖家初始信用计量及实证研究

目前对C2C卖家信用的动态性研究仅停留在卖家整体信用上,忽视了单笔交易中信用的动态性问题,且信用评价的定量表达与卖家信用构成无直接关联,导致信用评价结果与实际卖家信用本身的偏离。首先对卖家初始信用研究范畴进行界定,确定卖家初始信用的影响因素。其次,利用因子分析法确定其因子构成,建立信用评价定量表达与卖家信用构成的直接关联。通过实证研究验证在不同交易参数下卖家初始信用计量模型的有效性,可以为刻画和表达单笔交易微观视角下的卖家信用提供借鉴。     

The unintended composition effect of the subnational government fiscal rules: The case of Italian municipalities

Although numerical fiscal rules may be introduced to achieve several objectives, to date the maintenance of fiscal sustainability is their predominant goal. This is particularly true at subnational level; maintaining fiscal discipline in a decentralized setting is challenging and subnational government fiscal rules are considered one of the most valid solutions to the problem. While theoretical and empirical literature has mainly focused on their effectiveness in containing subnational deficit and/or debt, little attention has been paid to the possible trade–offs and side effects of the rules on the composition of subnational expenditure. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap by exploiting the case of Italian municipalities, which have been subject for fifteen years (1999–2015) to a set of rules called Domestic Stability Pact. The Italian DSP framework – imposing rules only on municipalities above a population threshold (5000 inhabitants) – allows us to implement a quasi–experimental technique to investigate the unintended composition effects of the rules. A difference–in–discontinuities design permits to find rigorous empirical evidence that the switching in 2007 to rules which are more binding in terms of fiscal discipline leads to a recomposition of municipal expenditure against investment spending. The analysis is then integrated by evaluating the impact of the rules on six categories of investment expenditure. Investment in human capital and infrastructure seems to be the most affected.