浅谈化学镀铜

非导体材料的金属化处理经常会用到化学镀铜,化学镀铜无论是在塑料制品还是在电子工业的印制电路板中均得到了广泛的应用。本文主要介绍了化学镀铜溶液的组成及工艺条件,化学镀铜溶液中各组分的作用和影响,化学镀铜溶液的配制、使用和维护等。     

Insight into everyday media use with multiple screens

ABSTRACT

Multiscreening has been shown to affect consumers' brand attitudes and their memory of advertisements. However, little is known about the prevalence of using multiple screens simultaneously. The aim of this study is to provide insight into multiscreening by examining its prevalence, the composition of screens, and who is likely to multiscreen. A diary study with a representative sample of the Dutch population (n = 2,399) was conducted. First, the results showed that almost 60% of the participants multiscreened at least once. They multiscreened on average three days a week, mostly on Sundays, and on average more than 80 minutes per day. Second, the most prevalent screen combinations were TV-smartphone, TV-laptop, and TV-tablet. Third, multiscreeners were on average 41 years old, predominantly female, have a higher than average education, and own on average more than four screens. Finally, it was found that, in general, younger participants multiscreened longer than older participants.     

造型与去造型——龙安寺石庭置石设计 艺术研究

龙安寺石庭的置石设计是学界持续关注的课题,成果主要有摹状说与冥思说。在空间设计研究的语境下,庭院与禅宗教义的关联问题可转译为其设计能否,以及如何以具象造型的方式唤起禅宗所推崇的基于直观又超越形式的空间体验。石头的单体形态、组合布置,石组内部及石组之间的呼应关系共同构成了以墨绘空的典例。     

资本有机构成上升的实证研究

本文基于中国数据,用计量经济学方法检验了马克思资本有机构成上升的命题。结论表明,中国已经处在技术进步导致资本有机构成提高的阶段,实际工资和教育人力资本投资的上升也并没有改变这一趋势。     

超额剩余价值——价值转形研究中缺失的关键环节

马克思的价值转形数学模型,是建立在两个隐含假定之上的：一是各部门资本有机构成固定,一是部门间没有资本流动,这两个假定把模型限制在历史的一个横截面上。而价值转形问题,其实质是解释价值规律从简单商品经济到资本主义经济的历史演进。因此,只有取消这两个假定,把价值转形问题放在生产力进步、资本跨部门流动的历史进程的背景下,才能解决价值转形问题。在这个生产力进步的历史进程中,超额剩余价值是最核心的概念。     

滑带土及其强度影响因素研究进展

滑坡对工程建设危害巨大,滑带土是滑坡的关键组成部分,由于其蕴含了滑坡发育、发展过程的丰富信息甚至控制着滑坡灾害的发生,成为国内外工程地质界关于滑坡研究的基础内容。目前关于滑带土的研究多集中在对具体滑坡滑带土的物理力学性质方面,而较少对滑带土形成演化机制和影响滑带土强度因素深入系统研究,本文首先从滑带土的识辨出发,介绍回顾了滑带土形成演化研究现状,然后重点介绍了滑带土的颗粒组成、矿物组成(特别是粘土矿物组成)、水—岩(土)化学作用、水的物理力学效应、微观结构对滑带土强度影响的研究成果。最后探讨了滑带土研究中存在的问题和发展趋势。     

美国物质产品生产部门产能过剩变动趋势及其原因的经验分析

1990-2011年美国采掘业、制造业和公用事业的资本积累和产出不断增长．但这种增长的背后却存在越来越严重的产能过剩问题。为了解释这一现象,笔者提出二个假定并进行统计检验,结果表明三部门的产能过剩主要归因于生产部门整体资本有机构成、三部门自身的利润率和资本积累的变化。此分析结果对于区分中国产能过剩形成过程中政府和市场的不同作用有一定借鉴意义。     

Export diversification,composition, and economic growth: Evidence from cross-country analysis

We investigate the export-growth relationship at disaggregate levels – disaggregation both at the country level and at the level of exports – focusing on the diversification and the composition of exports of countries. In a sample of 65 countries for the period 1965–2005 the dynamic panel estimation reveals that both diversification and composition of exports are important determinants of economic growth after controlling for the impacts of other variables like lagged income, investment, and infrastructure. There is a critical level of export concentration beyond which increasing export specialization leads to higher growth. Below this critical level, diversification of exports matters for gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Growth of high technology exports also contributes tothe output growth; the relationship becomes stronger for countries that have share of manufacturing exports in their total exports greater than the world average. These results are robust even when the dataset isclassified in four sub-panels based on the export-economic growth relationship.     

董事会特征和盈余质量——来自沪深股市的证据

文章通过考察盈余反映系数探讨我国上市公司董事会特征和盈余质量的关系,实证研究的结果表明,董事会规模与盈余反应系数显著正相关,董事会规模越大,盈余质量越高;独立董事比例在《关于在上市公司设立独立董事制度的指导意见》推出前后表现迥异,推出前独立董事比例与盈余反应系数显著负相关,而推出后则呈现正相关走势,但回归系数估计值不显著;研究还发现,董事长和总经理同由一人兼任时对应的盈余反映系数更高;而董事会活动的频数则与盈余反应系数显著负相关。     

Productivity growth and stock returns: firm- and aggregate-level analyses

A firm’s stock return is affected not only by its own productivity growth rate, but also by other firms’ productivity growth rates. We show that this spillover effect is significant and time-varying, and underlies a fallacy of composition observed in late 20th century U.S. data: stock returns and productivity growth are correlated positively in firm-level data but negatively in aggregate data. This seeming fallacy of composition reflects Schumpeterian creative destruction: a few technology winners’ stocks rise with their rising productivity while many technology losers’ stocks fall with their declining productivity. Thus, most individual firms’ stock returns correlate negatively with aggregate productivity growth. This implies that technological innovation need not be a blessing for all firms and as a result, for investors holding the market. Our findings also provide a firm-level technology innovation-based explanation of prior findings that the market return correlates negatively with aggregate earnings.