基于贝尔模型的高卷入耐用品品牌形象构成维度分析

品牌形象是一个抽象的概念,由多方面因素构成。本文以贝尔品牌形象测评模型为基础,提出品牌形象主要是由公司形象、产品形象、符号形象、使用者形象四大部分构成。结合行业特点,对具有高卷入商品性质的家用汽车的品牌形象构成维度进行了调整和分析。     

The Evolution of Income Composition Inequality in Italy, 1989–2016

We study the evolution of inequality in income composition in terms of capital and labor income in Italy between 1989 and 2016. We document a rise in the share of capital income accruing to the bottom of the distribution, while the top of the distribution increases its share of labor income. This implies a falling degree of income composition inequality in the period considered and a weaker relationship between the functional and personal distribution of income in Italy. This result is robust to various specifications of self-employment income; nonetheless, it hinges crucially on the treatment of rental incomes. While the dynamics of imputed rents has brought about a more equitable distribution of capital incomes across the income distribution, that of actual rents has led to higher concentration of capital incomes at the top in the decade preceding the outbreak of the financial crisis. Finally, we conceptualize a rule of thumb for policy makers seeking to reduce income inequality in the long run.