不同模式农村宅基地整理增值收益测算 及其分配差异研究 ——以浙江省为例

研究目的：探讨不同模式下农村宅基地整理增值收益及其收益分配差异，为优化宅基地整理模式、完善增值收益分配机制提供参考。研究方法：联盟利益分配模型、比较分析法。研究结果：（1）基于贡献的联盟利益分配模型能较好地兼顾不同模式下各利益主体的投入，测算得到的增值收益分配比例接近地方政策规定和实际分配格局；（2）宅基地整理地均增值收益表现出转制式整理模式>改造式整理模式>建制式整理模式，在地域上呈现城镇郊区>平原农区>丘陵山区的分异特征；（3）宅基地建制式整理模式中地方政府的增值收益分配比例较高，转制式和改造式整理模式中农户的分配比例较高，三种整理模式下村集体的分配比例均较低。研究结论：应重视宅基地整理过程中农户和村集体的宅基地价值损失，根据宅基地整理不同模式下利益主体贡献差异构建增值收益分配调节机制。     

The pace of fiscal consolidations,fiscal sustainability,and welfare: An overlapping generations approach

This study investigates expenditure- and tax-based consolidations under the rule of reductions in debt-to-GDP ratios to the target level and the effects of these consolidations on fiscal sustainability and welfare, using an overlapping generations model with exogenous growth settings. We derive (i) a threshold (ceiling) of public debt to ensure fiscal sustainability, (ii) sustainable paces of these consolidations, and (iii) the optimal pace of consolidations under both expenditure- and tax-based consolidations, examining whether these consolidations are effective in the sense that they are sustainable, increase welfare, and induce fairness of welfare distribution across generations (lower intergenerational conflicts over welfare). We find that the pace of tax-based consolidation required to ensure fiscal sustainability is higher than that required for expenditure-based consolidation. As for welfare, countries may differ in their choice of the type of consolidation, which depends on the size of outstanding debts relative to capital, the economy’s productivity, tax rate levels, and the extent of utility derived by individuals from public goods and services. More importantly, it may also depend on whether policymakers emphasize social welfare or fairness of welfare distribution between generations. By contrast, a common result from the viewpoints of both social welfare and fair distribution of welfare across generations is that fiscal consolidation cannot persist much longer than 30 years (one period in the model). This result will support the pace of consolidation in the EU: the Stability and Growth Pact.     

黏土在渗水压固结中的超静孔压消散试验研究

渗透力作用普遍存在于水库土石坝、黏土铺盖、土质边坡等岩土工程中，其诱发的固结分析是研究热点，但固结过程中的超静孔压测试试验较少。现采用研制的装置，对经固结压力固结的黏土试样进行逐级施加水压的固结渗透试验。试验结果表明，施加的水压会引起土体中的孔隙水压力增长，增加的孔压在固结过程中有部分转化为渗透力，使试样产生压缩变形并引起孔隙比和渗透系数减小，进而导致固结系数的变化，且不同位置处变化的幅度不同，试验现象上表现为固结过程中未消散的超静孔压测试值沿高度呈非对称、非线性分布，最大值在试样偏下位置。变系数法理论计算值验证了试样中各点固结系数互不相同的现象。