Accounting and economic returns in British coal mining: The Carlton Main colliery, 1872–1909

Various estimates, both ex ante and ex post, have been produced of the accounting rate of return on investments in the late nineteenth-century coal industry, with some ex post figures also being calculated for individual firms engaged therein, such as the Consett Iron Co. Ltd. No one, however, has previously tried to calculate the economic rate of return from investing in a single coal mine over the duration of its life. In this article we examine both accounting and economic rates of return for the Carlton Main colliery, from its sinking during the 1870s through to its closure in 1909. Our results enable us to judge the accuracy of previous estimates of returns for the late nineteenth-century coal industry, and of contemporary estimates of the potential rate of return in coal mining. We also offer insights into the efficacy of using accounting rates of return as an indicator of the economic rate of return during that period.     

评估中财产贬值形式的辨析以及贬值框架的构建

财产贬值已经成为经济热点问题。正确认识贬值并在评估中有效地计量是保证财产尤其是国有财产利益的关键。不能正确计量贬值,使得三种典型评估方法的应用也成为难题。从贬值术语的含义分析入手,将国际评估准则和国内相关文献中对三类传统的贬值形式——物理性损耗、功能性退化和外部性退化进行了分析说明,进而梳理了关于三种形式的近70年的相关文献,根据文献的研究和建议,结合评估理论,创造性地为评估师提供了贬值的分析框架。     

Cost of capital and valuation in the public and private sectors: Tax,risk and debt capacity

Cost of capital and valuation differ in the private and public sectors, because taxes are a cost to the private sector but are only a transfer to the public sector. We show how to transform the after-tax private sector cost of capital into its pre-tax equivalent, for comparison with the public sector cost of capital. We establish the existence of a tax induced wedge between these two costs of capital. The wedge introduces a preference on the part of the private sector for assets with rapid tax depreciation, high debt capacity and low risk. We show that, in circumstances where an asset has identical public and private sector valuation in the absence of taxes, the tax induced difference in valuation is identical to the change in government tax receipts that results from having the asset owned by the private rather than the public sector. We provide some examples of distortions that result from failure to adjust for changes in tax revenues, and show how to effect such adjustment.     

中国资本存量的再估算和分解

从本文研究结果来看,投资带来的资本存量快速增加是中国快速发展的重要原因,但是资本存量并没有传统研究估算的那么高,另外资本效能下降也是中国一个需要关注的现象。与传统研究不同,本文发现中国折旧变化并不是一个直线,而是分阶段逐步上升的,研究结果比较符合中国作为新兴市场国家的实际。     

我国资本市场效率的再检验

在股权分置改革的背景下,通过检验上市公司折旧政策选择与盈余反应系数之间的相关关系,从而对我国资本市场的效率做出实证检验。研究结果显示,盈余反应系数和折旧费率之间在股权分置改革之前的样本中并不存在显著的相关关系,表明资本市场存在着功能锁定现象,而在股权分置改革之后的样本中则存在着显著的正相关关系,表明资本市场能够在调整上市公司折旧政策横截面差异的基础上对其会计盈余做出定价。因此,我国的股权分置改革促进了资本市场的完善,从而有助于我们了解我国资本市场的效率变迁。     

后危机时代的美元贬值效应与对策

美元的大幅贬值引发了非美货币的集体性“被升值”,这种态势虽然有利于美国经济利益诉求的实现,却同时扭曲了世界经济的均衡,并引发非美国家集体采取干预本币的举措。后危机时代美元贬值的全球影响及对策,值得我们深刻思考。     

浅谈固定资产加速折旧政策

大力推行税法折旧政策对加速折旧政策具有重要意义。目前我国税法折旧政策存在着严重的缺陷,采用低比率、长期限、直线性的折旧政策,无论是对企业自身发展还是对国家宏观经济的长远发展都是不利的。实施加速折旧政策既能促进企业自身的发展,也有利于促进国家经济的长远发展。     

中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952-2000

通过回顾和比较已有研究中国资本存量的相关文献 ,考虑到中国国内生产总值历史数据的几次重大补充和调整 ,本文对各年投资流量、投资品价格指数、折旧率 重置率、基年资本存量的选择与构造以及缺失数据进行了认真的处理和研究 ,并在此基础上利用补充和调整后的分省数据 ,根据永续盘存法估计了中国大陆 3 0个省区市 1 952— 2 0 0 0年各年末的物质资本存量。     

Access Regime Design and Required Rates of Return: Pitfalls in Adjusting for Inflation and Tax Effects*

Some access pricing regimes derive allowable cash flows to provide investors with an expectation of receiving a required real pre-(company) tax rate of return, with compensation for inflation built in via the allowable return of capital (depreciation). The required real pre-tax return is derived from nominal (or real) post-tax required returns. Techniques commonly used to transform post-tax into real pre-tax returns are biased, because they fail to capture accurately the characteristics of tax depreciation allowances. There is no general solution to this “transformation problem”, but alternative approaches can achieve the benefits prompting the use of a “real pre-tax” approach without suffering from this problem *I am grateful to the referee for valuable comments.     

The impact of an accelerated depreciation tax policy on employment: Evidence from China

We examine the impact of an accelerated depreciation tax policy (ADP) on employment. As a tax incentive policy, we expect an ADP to impact firm behavior significantly, but its effect on employment remains uninvestigated. Leveraging the two-stage implementation of an ADP in selected industries in China in 2014 and 2015 and using a difference-in-differences research design, we find that: 1) the ADP significantly increases employment, which is consistent with the output effect hypothesis; and 2) the ADP increases firms’ labor demand, mainly by stimulating investment in fixed assets and easing their financial constraints. Additional analysis suggests that the impact of ADP on employment is more salient for small firms, non-state-owned firms, and high growth firms, and skilled labor employment, indicating that the ADP is more effective for firms with high financial constraints and hiring skilled labor to accompany the increase in capital investment.