Tradeable permits,missing markets,and technology

This paper examines the effects of missing markets, heterogeneous pollutants, and the pollution technology of firms on the efficacy of transferable pollution permits. Under the assumption of perfect competition in all markets, we show that if firms can substitute among pollutants, then setting the optimal number of permits for only one pollutant will not, in general, lead to an efficient outcome. The degree of the inefficiency will depend on the information set available to the regulator and the substitutability among pollutants by firms. When establishing transferable pollution rights regulators should, therefore, consider the technology of firms. If firms discharge pollutants in the same fixed proportions, then the regulator need only set a market for one of the pollutants to ensure an efficient outcome. Where firms can substitute among pollutants, however, establishing a market for only one pollutant provides an incentive for firms to substitute to unregulated ones. This is an important policy issue as substitutability among pollutants within and across production processes may dampen the dynamic advantages of a tradeable permit policy.     

Transfer sciences: management of distributed knowledge production

This paper is concerned to develop the notion of transfer science to take account of what is perceived to be the emergence of a new mode of knowledge production. The new mode which is characterised by the production of knowledge in the context of application, by transdisciplinarity, by homogeneity and organisational diversity, by enhanced social accountability and reflexivity, and by new forms of quality control. The thrust of the new mode of knowledge production is to call into question conventional notions of knowledge transfer and focuses instead on the organisational and managerial implications of the emergence of a socially distributed knowledge production system. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the policy implications of the emergence of the new mode of production. Needed in the new mode are science and technology policies which promote institutional permeability and policies which enable governments, acting through their civil service to act as brokers in the new knowledge production process. Such brokerage is necessary to enhance permeability between institutions within a particular country but also to increase co-operation and collaboration between institutions across countries.     

Problem-solving in teaching/learning packages for Technology

In the project Technology in Secondary Education: Problem-solving in Teaching/learning Packages, two experiments regarding a construction problem and an explanation problem were conducted, in which two variants of a teching/learning package (strongly structuredvs. weakly structured) were compared. Only with the strongly structured instructional variant of the package for the explanation problem did the pupils come to a quick solution of the problem. In both experiments, the factors that influenced the problem-solving processes of the pupils were investigated. The results are of importance for curriculum developers and the authors of teaching/learning packages for Technology but further research into the factors influencing the problem solving process of pupils is necessary.     

论我国税收激励制度的完善

税收激励主要通过收益调节、现金流量的可获性和风险分担这三种方式发挥其作用。我国目前的税收激励的主要不足在于，缺乏一种系统的、一以贯之的政策取向。从知识经济的大背景看，完善我国的税收激励制度应紧紧围绕促进科技创新这一主线来进行。     

信息技术对竞争景框的影响--对波特观点的完善与修正

在分析信息技术对企业的影响时，波特教授对竞争景框变化的论述并不全面和完全正确。不全面在于，他只述及信息技术对地理景框和产业景框的影响，没有提到另两个方面——细分景框和纵向景框的变化。不正确在于，他笼统地提竞争景框的扩大或缩小，而竞争景框四方面在外力作用下变化并不总是一致的。本文认为，在信息技术影响下，竞争景框发生了四个方面不同的变化：细分景框、产业景框和纵向景框三个方面是缩小的，地理景框是扩大的。     

建筑物整体平移新技术施工中的质量管理和工期管理

新技术建筑工程往往没有相应的设计和施工技术规范，在施工中如何进行质量管理和工期管理是一个崭新的课题。本结合建筑物整体平移工程施工中的管理经验，简单讨论了新技术建筑工程施工的特点和质量管理和工期管理。     

论经济一体化下的科技产业化立法

在全球经济一体化之下,中国科技产业化的发展,需要立足WTO规则,及时作出立法应对,迎接时代的挑战。科技产业化的发展,是产、学、研一体化的发展,要通过立法支持政府财政对非盈利性的科研院所的补贴,要在立法上加强对自主知识产权和商业秘密的保护。我国科技产业化的发展,需要反垄断立法的支持。WTO规则的扩展,包括环境保护议题,需要规则先行,完善立法,推进科技产业化的可持续发展。     

强化质量管理促进螺杆泵采油技术规模应用

从螺杆泵采油技术在油田应用中的实际出发．阐述了该项技术在从试验向规模化推广应用过程中，以强化全面质量管理为基点．重视螺杆泵采油技术应用中各个环节的质量控制，从组织机构的建立、管理制度的制定、人员素质的提高、配套技术的完善等方面。强化管理和质量控制，使这项试验技术成功转型为常规技术，并得以规模化应用。阐明了全面质量管理在螺杆泵采油技术应用中发挥的重要作用。     

Developing Technological Stance: Children's Learning in Technology Education

Following a review of current research in children's learning in technology education, and an examination of the kinds of knowledge demanded in contemporary technology education programs in elementary schools, I argue that what is needed in early technology education programs is the scaffolding of what I am calling technological stance. This construct acknowledges the socio-cultural character of technology as a human endeavor. In contrast to programs which are oriented to application of conceptual and procedural knowledge or to programs in which knowledge is generated through interpretation of interactions with materials and tools, programs which support technological stance position learners as critical inquirers into both tool-related and discursive practices of technology.     

Enhancing Practicing Primary School Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Technology

This paper describes the frameworks and cognitive tools that have been developed to enhance practising teachers' pedagogical content knowledge in primary school technology education. The frameworks evolved from our research that firstly examined existing teaching practices, secondly enhanced formative interactions and thirdly enhanced summative assessment strategies. The evidence gained over the three years demonstrated how the effective use of frameworks could be utilised to enhance teacher pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). How we see learning is of prime importance in examining the development of teacher pedagogical content knowledge. A sociocultural view of learning is taken where human mental processes are situated within their historical, cultural and institutional setting. In the research project we strongly emphasised the need for teachers to build a knowledge base for teaching technology. Critical aspects identified as enhancing PCK included: negotiated intervention, planning frameworks, reflection on case studies, workshops and support in classrooms, appropriate resources, teacher agreement meetings, portfolios of student work and summative profiles. The increased PCK resulted in: enhanced teacher knowledge about technology including the nature of technology, areas of technology and specific technological knowledge, changed pedagogical approaches, enhanced teacher student interaction, refinement of appropriate learning outcomes, critical decision making, improved teacher confidence, and enhanced student learning. Seven characteristics or features of pedagogical content knowledge that we believe are important for effective teaching and learning in technology are presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.