跨国公司与东道国产业集群的“双向嵌入观”

近年来,随着经济全球化的进一步发展,跨国公司与东道国地方产业联系越来越密切。基于此,本文将研究的视角从单向嵌入观转向双向嵌入观,论证了跨国公司本地嵌入与地方产业全球价值链嵌入是一种相互嵌入、互动耦合的关系,提出了块状经济与链式经济有机融合这一新的全球经济模式,并根据我国经济发展的实践进行了论证。在分析广东模式与浙江模式的基础上,提出了经济全球化背景下地方产业发展的有效路径。     

Social Relations and the Differential Local Impact of Global Standards: The Case of International Standards on Auditing

This article contributes to the literature exploring the contextual conditions that lead international standards to produce a differential impact with regard to inducing convergence in local practice. The article documents three types of responses by local audit firms to the implementation of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) in Russia, namely: (1) those that claim to follow the national auditing standards modelled on ISAs and mandated by audit law; (2) those that voluntarily provide ISA audits in accordance with original ISAs; and (3) those that provide pseudo audits (‘black audits’) and ignore auditing standards. The study investigates a link between these different responses and the degree of the indigenous firms' social embeddedness in relation to the international audit firms that first introduced ISAs to Russia. The article argues that the higher the embeddedness levels the more likely the audit firms will genuinely commit to following the standards. It also shows that social embeddedness is influenced by a number of conditions, including geographical proximity between the indigenous and international audit firms, as well as commonalities in their professional characteristics, such as aspiration to intraprofessional status and target clientele. The study's findings demonstrate that the local impact of international standards is dependent not just on the characteristics of the local institutional environments in which the adopters operate but also on the social structures and relationships within which they are embedded.     

领导—成员交换关系对关联绩效的影响研究——基于工作嵌入的中介效应分析

如何有效激发员工工作积极性并提高其关联绩效不仅是理论研究的焦点,也是企业管理实践中亟待解决的关键问题。高质量的领导成员交换关系是提升关联绩效的有效途径之一。以安徽省蚌埠市公路管理局160名中层管理人员为对象,研究领导成员交换关系对员工关联绩效的影响机理。结果表明:领导成员交换关系对员工的关联绩效具有显著正效应,工作嵌入在这一关系中发挥了重要中介作用。管理者在人才激励过程中,应关注领导成员交换关系的重要作用,提升员工的工作嵌入水平。     

A Temporal Model of Vertical Relationships

Purpose: The authors developed a model framework for buyer–supplier relationships and used it to extend theory in 4 areas: (a) maintenance of long-term relationships; (b) conversion of relationships from adversarial to cooperative; (c) changes in relationships over their lives; and (d) levels of commitment and trust between partners.

Methodology/approach: The authors analyzed existing research on buyer–seller relationships and theoretical concepts in various disciplines to develop a 3-stage temporal relationship model consisting of pre-deal (t–1), deal enactment (t), and deal continuation (t+1) stages. From the model and existing research, the authors drew propositions for relationships in the areas of buyer and seller power, several forms of commitment and trust, intellectual capital, and financial performance.

Findings: Briefly, the authors proposed that (a) at the pre-deal stage, increased buyer power may instigate supplier input commitment or vice versa; (b) at deal enactment, both parties may commit to a written contract and build contractual trust through a low degree of relational commitment; and (c) in the deal continuation stage, contractual trust, and attitudinal commitment of one of the parties is likely to foster attitudinal commitment in the other party. The authors found that buyer's and supplier's total commitment fosters goodwill trust and helps build intellectual capital and financial performance, and that the weaker party in the relationship likely gains more from the partnership than the stronger party.

Research implications: In addition to existing research, the authors used several actual situations to provide support for our propositions. However, more research should be done in all areas to additionally confirm our propositions and otherwise add to theory development.

Practical implications: By looking at buyer–seller relationships in three stages, the authors developed several implications for both parties. These included long-term results of short-term actions, importance of industry factors on buyer and seller commitment, and the role of commitment in determining whether long-term relationships are developed.

Originality/value/contribution: The authors extended and coordinated existing theory by consolidating the implications of previous research into a cohesive buyer–supplier relationship model. This model should enable both researchers and managers to better comprehend the dynamics of vertical relationships with a multi-dimensional, reciprocal approach. The results should also provide managers an additional tool to gauge and forecast the fate of a relationship by analyzing levels of trust and commitment as the relationship progresses.     

Comparing value orientations of German and Chinese managers: impacts of demographic and business-related factors

This article investigates the impact of demographic and business-related factors on universal values through surveying a large sample of German and Chinese managers. ANOVA analyses indicate that especially the factors age, job tenure and business sectors have substantially large and significant effects on basic human value orientations of German managers. For Chinese business leaders, the educational level and job tenure are the most relevant factors affecting their value priorities, while the factor age has lower impacts. Consistently with Schwartz (2006b), who postulates a pan-cultural consensus regarding value priorities, the findings of this study reveal a broad basis of similarities between both countries' managers. However, distinctions evolve; the factor company location has impacts on Chinese managers' but not on German managers' values. This indicates a distinctive Chinese intra-cultural variety which may have arisen from the heterogeneity of Chinese culture, whereas the relatively low degree of intra-cultural variety in Germany is likely to result from the homogeneity of German culture. Whether the diverse geographic sizes of both countries have impacts on the degree of intra-cultural diversity is an issue which may be debated.     

外部知识网络嵌入性对企业设计创新绩效的影响机制——以意义创新过程为中介变量

综合运用资源观、嵌入性理论、技术创新等理论,提出外部知识网络嵌入性以解释、想象这一组意义创新过程为中介影响设计创新绩效的概念模型,并提出相关假设。利用来自设计密集型企业的问卷调研数据,使用结构方程模型对研究假设进行了实证检验。研究表明:企业外部知识网络嵌入性通过意义创新过程这一中介显著影响设计创新绩效,且解释和想象过程的中介作用存在差异。     

Effects of structural,relational and cognitive social capital on resource acquisition: a study of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas

ABSTRACT

Emerging research demonstrates that structural social capital facilitates the resource acquisition of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas. However, their usage of relational and cognitive social capital that translates to accessible resources is not well understood. We contribute to knowledge and comprehensively examine effects of structural, relational and cognitive social capital taken together on the resource acquisition of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas. Results from a national survey of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas across England show that large networks, bonding ties, trust, reciprocity, obligations and expectations, and shared language and codes facilitate their resource acquisition. Also, we demonstrate that they are reluctant or unable to bridge social distance and adopt narrative storytelling. Furthermore, the results indicate that entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas in the most deprived regions suffer from less resource acquisition.     

关于主动离职问题研究的文献综述

离职率高是近年来企业家面临的一个突出问题,员工离职对组织和个人都有很大的影响。很多学者都对离职产生的原因和过程进行了大量的研究,其中大部分学者是以态度因素作为中介变量来解释离职意向的产生,也有一些学者从其他新的视角解释员工离职,如"工作嵌入模型",这些研究可为企业构建预防体系提供有益的启示。     

Retracted: Dynamics of Unclosed Triangles in Alliance Networks: Disappearance of Brokerage Positions and Performance Consequences

We depart from previous research on brokerage advantages in interorganizational networks by shifting focus to the dynamics of brokerage positions. We investigate causes of the disappearance of these positions and its influence on organizational performance. Using a subnetwork consisting of a broker and its two partners as the unit of analysis, we postulate that the brokerage position disappears either when the two partners develop ties or when the ties between the broker and the partners dissolve. We predict that the patterns of interactions in which this subnetwork is embedded exert multilevel influences on the disappearance, and that embedded structures promoting persistence constrain brokerage advantages. Our analysis of codeshare alliance data in the global airline industry supports the theory and demonstrates that the persistence of brokerage positions decreases broker performance. The findings explain why brokerage positions rarely persist and why the persistence of brokerage positions does not benefit brokers.     

Consumer quest for embeddedness: a case study of the Brantford Farmers' Market

Farmers' markets (FMs) in the US, Canada and Britain are often held as one key response to the unsustainability of conventional food production systems, as they provide consumers with a potentially more comprehensive valuation venue for their food purchases. This paper categorizes and examines the range of consumer motivations at the Brantford FM in Ontario, Canada using the concept of embeddedness. Though not a simple concept, embeddedness proves useful for framing non‐economic values sought by consumers at FMs in a way that helps to build our understanding of the context‐specific quality of patron motivations at FMs. In the study, values of social embeddedness (social interaction, knowledge of vendors, etc.) and spatial embeddedness (food freshness, supporting the ‘local’, etc.) emerge as core sets of consumer motivations at this FM, while natural embeddedness values (organic production, ‘food‐miles’ concerns, etc.) are less strongly held. This case study helps advance that specific sets of embedded values are expressed at FMs – consumer motivations partly reflect their historic and situated contexts, while contributing to our understanding of the importance of the embeddedness concept to alternative food system arguments for change.