基于污染物通量超标排放的生态补偿方法

针对污染物通量核算生态补偿量方法中单位污染物削减成本忽略了污染物来源差异性以及污染物通量核算未考虑年内实际水文、水质特征的问题,从污染物削减成本和污染物通量两个方面对该方法进行改进。污染物削减成本按照污染物来源分为点源污水(主要为工业废水、城市生活污水)和农村非点源污水(主要为农村生活污水、农业生产污水)削减成本两部分,根据不同废水来源的处理成本,按污染物排放量比重加权平均得到削减成本;同时,对年内划分水期,分别核算污染物通量。选取沱江支流上的濑溪河渝川缓冲区进行实例验证。结果表明:核算结果基本能够反映区域污染特征,核算金额也更加真实可信。     

建设用地减量化过程中的土地指标市场化机制研究——以上海市为例

研究目的:基于上海市建设用地减量化的政策背景,分析上海市土地指标交易现状与存在的问题,探讨如何建立土地指标市场化交易机制,为上海市土地利用制度改革提供经验借鉴。研究方法:文献研究法、比较分析法和实地调查法。研究结果:上海市土地指标交易存在交易半径较狭小、市场化程度较低、定价机制不合理、收益分配不完善等一系列问题,应研究市场竞争与政府调控相结合的指标交易机制。研究结论:针对经济快速发展与土地指标短缺的现实矛盾,上海市政府应从机制构建与配套措施两方面进行土地指标市场化交易体系建设,以推动上海市土地市场的发展。     

森林碳汇:后京都时代减排的重要途径

分析指出森林碳汇较其他减排措施具有潜力大、易操作、见效快、成本低、对经济增长影响小、居民福利高的独特优越性,必将受到国家气候变化应对措施选择的青睐。同时指出,森林碳汇不但包括换取排放中的造林和再造林的碳汇项目,而且包括抵消排放中的增加的森林碳库。分析国际气候变化谈判的焦点难点,指出森林碳汇必将成为后京都时代减排的重要途径之一。     

Sodium content in foods: Brazilian consumers’ opinions,subjective knowledge and purchase intent

This study attempted to gain insights on Brazilian consumers’ subjective knowledge of sodium content in processed and homemade foods and their purchase intent for products with reduced‐sodium content. A questionnaire was distributed to 409 consumers selected by convenience quota sampling. We found that Brazilian consumers were concerned about the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in the products they consumed, regardless of educational levels, income, age, lifestyles, or health conditions. However, they still considered their consumption to be above WHO‐recommended limits and had little subjective knowledge about the term ‘sodium’. While processed products were considered the main contributors of high‐sodium intake, participants were not concerned about addition of salt at the table and salt in homemade food. The majority of respondents rarely read the sodium content on food labels; however, men and older individuals were more likely to read label information on sodium content. Products with reduced sodium were found to have market appeal, which justifies investments in research to develop these products. Therefore, in addition to the efforts to reduce sodium in the processed‐food industry, it is necessary to promote awareness about the importance of food labelling, especially sodium content, and the need to reduce salt in homemade food and additions during meals.     

西部大开发对西部地区碳排放演变的影响

西部大开发后西部地区经济增长加快、人民生活水平提高,但产业结构、技术水平以及生态环境质量却并未表现出同等程度的改善或提升。采用30个样本省份1995—2011年的面板数据,运用双重差分法进行分析,结果发现：西部大开发在促进西部地区经济增长以及地区经济趋同的同时,也使得西部地区的碳排放（尤其是人均碳排放）与其他地区相比增长更快,与此同时,西部地区与碳排放相关的因素和条件（如产业结构、技术水平、市场化程度等）未得到显著改善。在既有的资源禀赋、发展阶段、产业结构以及经济发展方式下,西部大开发初期着力于固定资产投资和资源、能源开发,忽视教育事业、市场化改革、技术创新等软环境建设,导致西部地区在经济增长的同时碳排放相对增加。因此,在今后的西部大开发规划中,应当着力于转变经济发展方式,加强软环境建设,重视人力资本积累和技术创新,提升市场化水平,才能在发展地区经济的同时实现节能减排。     

Local poverty reduction in Chile and Mexico: The role of food manufacturing growth

This paper analyzes the relationship between local poverty and food manufacturing growth in Chile and Mexico using propensity score matching, differences in differences and spatial econometrics methods. We focus on food manufacturing as a sector with a number of characteristics that make it potentially pro-poor, and whose incentives for spatial distribution may either strengthen or dampen its poverty reduction potential. The overall results indicate growth in food manufacturing employment contributes to local poverty reduction.     

Developing energy conservation and carbon reduction indicators for the hotel industry in Taiwan

This study develops and weights energy conservation and carbon reduction (ECCR) indicators for the hotel industry in Taiwan to create an instrument to help address climate change. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior hotel managers, environmental specialists, and government officials to identify the preliminary ECCR framework. An expert panel then was invited to review the structure of ECCR criteria and the compiled criteria in a structure for item modification. An analytic network process questionnaire survey was employed to determine the relative weights of the criteria. The data analysis reveals seven categories in the ECCR framework: communication and participation, top management commitment, energy, water, waste, building, and purchasing. A total of 32 indicators were identified and prioritized in terms of their relative importance to ECCR contributions. The results of this study suggest that the success of ECCR implementation depends primarily on management support and staff engagement. Hotel operators can improve their environmental management by initiating ECCR practices based on the proposed ECCR indicators.     

中国旅游经济增长与碳排放的耦合关系研究

厘清旅游经济增长与能源消费及CO2排放之间的关系对于实现增长前提下的低碳旅游发展意义重大。文章采用"自下而上"法,估算了1991~2010年中国旅游业的CO2排放量,并运用脱钩理论、ADF单位根检验、协整分析以及Granger因果关系检验,辨识和分析了中国旅游经济增长与碳排放之间的耦合关系。实证研究结果表明,在研究样本区间内,中国旅游经济增长与CO2排放量除2003年为未脱钩以外,其余年份均处于相对脱钩状态;旅游经济增长与碳排放之间存在长期的协整关系;旅游经济增长构成CO2排放的Granger原因不显著,而CO2排放构成旅游经济增长的Granger原因较为显著,即存在从CO2排放到旅游经济增长的单向Granger因果关系。基于上述结论,提出相关政策建议。     

低碳时代中国经济发展的思考

《京都议定书》的制定迎来了经济发展的低碳时代。文章分析了中国低碳经济发展的现状,提出了中国应当确立低碳经济发展的能效目标,推进能源供应保障体系建设,提高低碳技术的自主研发能力,将有效降低碳排放作为中国社会经济发展的主要模式,最终建立环境友好、人居和谐的低碳社会。     

碳排放权交易试点的区域减排效应——基于PSM-DID模型

选取2007—2019年中国30个省区市的数据,以碳排放权交易政策构造准自然实验,采用倾向得分匹配-双重差分模型分析碳排放权交易试点对区域的碳减排效应。研究发现,碳排放权交易降低了试点区域的碳排放量。经过中介效应检验发现,碳排放权交易通过引起试点区域的产业结构升级和能源消费结构优化来促进碳减排,加快了试点区域的产业结构调整升级,提高了清洁低碳能源的消费比例,减少了煤炭等化石能源的消费。通过协同减排效应分析发现,碳排放权交易发挥了协同减排作用,减少了二氧化硫等其他污染物排放量。