中国旅游业减排政策框架设计与战略措施研究

旅游业是应对气候变化、节能减排的优势产业,对气候变化和减少二氧化碳排放存在着潜在的关键性作用。弄清中国旅游业二氧化碳排放的现状及总量,探明旅游业减排潜力,明确减排的目标,并为之设计切实有效的减排战略,是一个极富现实意义的研究命题。因而,设计一套完整的中国旅游业减排的政策框架,提出具体的战略措施,有助于推动我国旅游业转型升级,实现可持续发展,有助于推进我国降碳目标的实现。本文分析了旅游业在应对气候变化和节能减排中的作用及旅游业减排政策框架设计面临的问题,构建了概念性政策框架设计思路,提出旅游主管部门、旅游企业、旅游经营者和旅游者四位一体的减排措施。     

Assisting the poor in China through tourism development: A review of research

The role of Pro-Poor Tourism has been increasingly studied in China since the 1990s. The research has addressed a broad range of key issues such as the implication of “fu pin lv you” (or TAP to use an English acronym arising from the translation ‘Tourism-Assisting the Poor’), governmental roles, local participation and the contribution of rural, natural and cultural resources to TAP. However, there has been a lack of research in some areas such as in the micro-economics of TAP targeting local poor people, quantitative research, case studies and anthropological analysis. This paper reviews Chinese academic literature on pro-poor tourism to provide a clearer picture of current practice and progress in TAP policies and research in China.     

Australia's consumption‐based greenhouse gas emissions

We use data from the World Input‐Output Database in a multiregional input–output model to analyse Australian consumption‐based greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1995 to 2009. We find that the emission content of Australian macroeconomic activity has changed over the 15‐year period. Consumption‐based emissions have been growing faster than production‐based emissions since 2001. We show that emissions embodied in Australian imports are increasingly becoming a significant source of emissions. We investigate emissions in Australian imports and find that increased trade with China contributed substantially to the increase in Australia's consumption emissions. China was the largest exporter of emissions to Australia and accounted for almost half of emissions embodied in Australian imports since 2002. The growth of trade with China coincides with the increase in imported emissions as well as the increase in aggregate consumption emissions. Our results suggest that tracking consumption emissions together with production emissions provides a more complete picture of Australian emissions.     

Implications of the global growth slowdown for rural poverty

Over the past 25 years, higher growth in developing countries has contributed to a dramatic fall in global poverty, although poverty rates in rural areas remain higher than in urban areas. Unfortunately, projected growth rates have fallen in recent years; this article examines the impact of this slowdown on the poor, particularly the rural poor. It first uses a global model to assess the impacts of lower productivity on key price and income variables. It then uses microsimulation models for almost 300,000 households to assess the impacts on their real incomes. Although poverty rates overall are projected to fall substantially, the poorest countries see the greatest slowdown in poverty reduction, with over 5% of their population projected to remain below the poverty line. In addition, poverty rates will remain alarmingly high in many countries. Overall, 38 million fewer people will leave extreme poverty compared to earlier projections. Farm households are at particular risk in middle‐income countries, with over 1.5% more of the farming population remaining trapped in poverty than previously estimated. By 2030, average extreme poverty in rural areas is projected at about 7.5%, rather than 7.1% under the earlier growth projections. Clearly, a strong focus on policies for poverty reduction will be vital for eliminating poverty by 2030.     

China's changing diet and its impacts on greenhouse gas emissions: an index decomposition analysis

With increasing awareness of agriculture's contribution to global greenhouse gases (GHGs) and China's position as the world's top GHG emitter, there is heightened attention to the embodied emissions in China's food consumption. China's diet has shifted to include more fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy. Not surprisingly, GHG emissions from food consumption have also increased substantially. This analysis links China's food consumption with the emissions of food production industries in China and its trade partners to determine the effects of dietary change on GHGs since 1989. We utilise high‐resolution food production and emissions data to perform a logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition to attribute changes in GHG emissions to the scale, supply structure, demand structure and efficiency effects resulting from Chinese dietary changes over a 20‐year period. This study finds that while countries supplying food to China contribute little to China's food‐related GHGs, demands for meat and dairy play a much larger role, driving up emissions. The overall scale of increased consumption of all food further propels growth in GHG emissions. Results indicate, however, that while food consumption in China more than doubles between 1989 and 2009 improvements in technological efficiency limit the rate of increase.     

东营站内输油管道腐蚀状况调查及分析

对东营输油站站内输油管道的腐蚀现状进行了调查。结合金属管道腐蚀机理,分析了东营站内输油管道产生腐蚀的原因,并提出防止站内输油管道腐蚀的有效措施。     

中国可持续发展油气资源安全态势

本文对可持续发展油气资源安全系统进行了界定，建立了相应的评价模型与评价指标体系，并就中国可持续发展油气资源安全态势进行了系统分析，提出了适合中国国情的提高油气安全程度的战略措施和对策。     

从可替代能源看天然气价格

我国天然气与其他能源的比价关系目前还未形成国际上通行的按热值进行计算和比较的方法，特别是与煤炭、石油相比的环保效益更没有得到充分体现，从而影响了天然气资源的有效配置。国家发改委最近对天然气出厂价格进行了调整，但与煤炭、石油等其他替代能源相比，价格涨幅仍是最小的，而且与国际天然气价格相比，我国天然气价格和上调幅度也很低。文章利用热值比较法对天然气与石油、煤炭和电力进行了价格比较。并对这几种能源对天然气价格的影响程度赋予了相应权重，进而测算了与这几种替代能源挂钩的天然气理论价格及趋势。文章认为我国应积极推进天然气定价市场化进程，大力调整天然气的价格，逐步缩小实际价格与理论价格之间的差距，建立完善天然气与替代能源价格联动机制。     

谈天然气能量实时自动计量

体积计量不能体现天然气的使用价值和优质优价的贸易原则。能量计量基于天然气蕴藏的内在发热量，是公平、合理的贸易计量方式。应用在线检测技术，通过设计能量计量软件。将在线检测和流量计量有机结合，实现了天然气能量实时自动计量和数据远程监控。采用能量计量，企业获得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

燃煤电厂汞排放控制技术的研究进展

燃煤是最大的汞排放源,在此介绍了燃煤电厂汞排放及其迁移转化规律、燃煤过程中汞的存在形态及影响汞去除率的主要因素;分析了燃烧前脱汞、燃烧中脱汞、燃烧后脱汞等方面的技术;较为详细地论述了汞排放控制技术现状及研究进展。