Awareness of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks' Dangers: Role of Internet Pricing Mechanisms

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks consist of overwhelming a server, a network or a Web site in order to paralyze its normal activity. The additional parameter in Distributed Denial of Service (DdoS) attacks is the distributing strategy. It means that DDoS attacks do not come from a single computer but stem from all accessible channels and servers. Consequences are multiple, ranging from system errors, temporary inability to access the Web site for normal users to challenging the actual reliability of the Internet. Despite this, Internet users show carelessness. The explanation lies in the specificities of DDoS attacks. We explore possibilities to raise users' awareness about the actual amplitude of problems caused by DDoS attacks. We suggest a careful examination of Internet pricing mechanisms and switching from flat to usage-constraining pricing schemes.     

A comparison of several approximations to the power function of the likelihood ratio test in covariance structure analysis*

In this paper we compare alternative asymptotic approximations to the power of the likelihood ratio test used in covariance structure analysis for testing the fit of a model. Alternative expressions for the noncentrality parameter (ncp) lead to different approximations to the power function. It appears that for alternative covariance matrices close to the null hypothesis, the alternative ncp's lead to similar values, while for alternative covariance matrices far from H_o the different expressions for the ncp can conflict substantively. Monte Carlo evidence shows that the ncp proposed in Satorra and Saris (1985) gives the most accurate power approximations.     

Stability and Segregation in Group Formation

This paper presents a model of group formation based on the assumption that individuals prefer to associate with people similar to them. It is shown that, in general, if the number of groups that can be formed is bounded, then a stable partition of the society into groups may not exist. (A partition is defined as stable if none of the individuals would prefer be in a different group than the one he is in.) However, if individuals' characteristics are one-dimensional, then a stable partition always exists. We give sufficient conditions for stable partitions to be segregating (in the sense that, for example, low-characteristic individuals are in one group and high-characteristic ones are in another) and Pareto efficient. In addition, we propose a dynamic model of individual myopic behavior describing the evolution of group formation to an eventual stable, segregating, and Pareto efficient partition. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, H41.     

《笨花》与《棉花垛》乡土叙述的比较——兼及对《铁凝的<笨花>批判》的批判

《笨花》因为和作者早年的《棉花垛》有相似之处而受人非议。《笨花》以乡土叙述的方式描绘了河北农村的风土人情,但是《笨花》中还混杂了多种西方话语,即宗教、女性话语和民族解放话语,这些与乡土社会本应是相抵牾的。然而作者为了塑造乡土社会的和谐风貌,通过对各种话语的挪移,而使它们与乡土叙述的冲突彻底消解,造成了文本张力的缺失。     

Indonesian Local Government Spending,Taxing and Saving: An Explanation of Pre‐ and Post‐decentralization Fiscal Outcomes*

As a result of Indonesia's decentralization program, local governments have gained significantly more responsibility for service delivery, considerably larger fiscal resources, and much greater authority over the use of those resources than before. The present paper develops a simple budget model to describe and explain the substantial differences in pre‐ and post‐decentralization local government fiscal behavior related to spending, taxing and saving. During the post‐decentralization period special attention is paid to the fiscal behavior of natural resource rich regions. Among other things, the evidence suggests that: post‐decentralization local government spending is partly responsive to increasing needs and partly the subject of elite capture; local government taxation has become more aggressive under decentralization and appears to be mostly driven by local bureaucratic expectations related to routine overhead budgets; and the increased savings of local governments during the post‐decentralization period is determined to a large degree by delayed central government transfer payments.     

Should Chinese Local Governments Be Allowed to Issue Bonds?

I.IntroductionDespite China’s impressive economic growth,its fiscal sustainability has increasinglybecome one of the most watched risk indicators facing the economy.Although China’sexplicit national debtto GDP ratio israther manageable by theOECD standard,at about20 percent of GDP,given its small share of tax revenue to GDP,currently at18.5percent ofGDP,this fiscalsystem may stumble upon major challenges in themedium to long term ifChina’slargecontingent fiscal liabilitiesare als…     

中小企业贷款融资的现状分析及其支持体系构建

文章从目前中小企业贷款融资现状出发,对国有商业银行、地方金融机构、担保机构三方面信贷支持进行分析,从而提出构建以地方金融机构为主体、国家政策性银行为补充、信用担保机构为辅助的贷款支持体系,以期从根本上解决中小企业贷款支持问题。     

基于无线技术的仓储拣选作业流程再造方案分析

对传统的仓储拣选作业流程进行了研究分析,提出了基于无线技术的仓储拣选作业流程再造方案,并对两者进行了对比分析,阐述了再造后的拣选作业流程采用无线技术及其相关技术后的诸多优点及发展前景.     

西部经济发展与地方政府的制度创新

从经济发展与地方政府的关系入手,分析现阶段西部地方政府在经济发展中所需要的相关制度创新可得出,西部经济的发展归根结底来自于自我的发展能力,而不是依靠不可持续的、外来的资源支持.实践表明,地方政府可以通过提供基础设施、突破低水平发展的瓶颈等相关的制度创新来弥补市场机制的不成熟,也可改善非市场机制的运行,从而推动经济的发展.     

学科梯队建设——提升地方本科院校办学水平的关键

学科梯队建设是地方本科院校师资队伍建设和学科建设的战略抓手,是提高本科教学质量的保障,是提升办学水平的关键,也是科技创新和学术攻关的客观需要。地方高校应大力加强学科梯队建设,创新管理机制和体制,围绕学科建设发展规划,以重点学科为依托,加大学科(学术)带头人和中青年骨干教师的培养与引进,努力形成结构合理的学科梯队。