互联网化、政策激励与持续性创新——基于制造业上市公司的实证研究

选取2011—2019年制造业上市企业数据,从政策激励维度分析互联网化对持续性创新的作用机制.结果表明,制造企业互联网化给持续性创新带来了显著的积极作用.这种积极作用在成长期与成熟期、在民营企业与大中型企业中表现得更为明显,在衰退期互联网化会产生创新泡沫.互联网化能协助政府更好地甄别具有创新能力的企业并给予相应的政策扶持,与政府补助相比,税费返还这种政策激励对制造企业持续性创新的作用效果更优.     

经理市场、管理才能专用性与外聘高管规模--基于民营上市公司的经验证据

高管管理才能是企业经营不可或缺的专用性资产。公司治理目标不仅在于解决管理者道德风险,还在于挑选出优秀的管理者。文章考察管理才能专用性和经理人市场发育对企业外聘高管规模的影响,以及经理人市场发育是否会弱化管理才能专用性对外聘高管规模的影响程度。以2007-2013年间民营上市公司为样本的研究发现：管理才能专用性越强,企业更愿意聘用内部人为公司高管;经理人市场发育越好,企业聘用外部高管的比例越高;在经理人市场发育良好的地区,管理才能专用性对外聘高管规模的影响较弱;研究还发现,经理人市场发育对企业外聘高管规模的影响比对外部董事规模的影响更显著。文章丰富了资产专用性和高管聘用方面的研究成果。     

An assessment of the economic and environmental potential of biomass production in an agricultural region

The establishment of deep-rooted perennial species and their processing for biomass-based products such as renewable energy can have benefits for both local and global scale environmental objectives. In this study, we assess the potential economic viability of biomass production in the South Australian River Murray Corridor and quantify the resultant benefits for local and global scale environmental objectives. We model the spatial distribution of economically viable biomass production in a Geographic Information System and quantify the model sensitivity and uncertainty using Monte Carlo analysis. The total potentially viable area for biomass production under the Most Likely Scenario is 360,728 ha (57.7% of the dryland agricultural area), producing over 3 million tonnes of green biomass per annum, with a total Net Present Value over 100 years of A$ 88 million. The salinity in the River Murray could be reduced by 2.65 EC (μS/cm) over a 100-year timeframe, and over 96,000 ha of land with high wind erosion potential could be stabilised over a much shorter period. With sufficient generating capacity, our Most Likely Scenario suggests that economically viable biomass production could reduce carbon emissions by over 1.7 million tonnes per annum through the production of renewable energy and a reduced reliance on coal-based electricity generation. Our analyses suggest that biomass production is a potentially viable alternative agricultural system that can have substantial local scale environmental benefits with complimentary global scale benefits for climate change mitigation.     

Incentives and disincentives for diversified agroforestry systems from different actors’ perspectives in Bolivia

Even though diversified agroforestry systems can provide sustainable livelihoods and a resilient production of different goods, adoption remains limited in Bolivia. We examine major obstacles to agroforestry adoption and possible incentives proposed by farmers and civil-society organizations, and relate them to governance and international mechanisms that might play a role in agroforestry adoption. Market access for produce from diversified agroforestry remains difficult, as does its processing and transport. Moreover, farmers have difficulties in achieving the quantities and homogenous quality demanded by markets in the major cities. But most importantly, farmers and civil-society organizations saw little government support, although ‘ecological production in harmony with Mother Earth’ is prescribed by law and the constitution. Agroforestry farmers needed support most urgently in the initial phase, when investment costs are high and returns low. They suggested affordable credits, subsidies for diversified farming systems, and insurance against fire. We identified important albeit small steps towards developing markets for agroforestry products, but government support – mostly in the form of diesel subsidies, materials, and infrastructure – mainly benefitted large-scale monocultures and cattle ranching. In response to this, interviewees opted for strengthening farmers’ organizations, for demanding support with the help of civil-society organizations, and for disseminating best practices.     

Pioneering strategies in the digital world. Insights from the Axel Springer case

Digital technologies present some distinctive characteristics; they simultaneously enable pervasive connectivity, immediacy of interactions and wide access to data and computing power. Based on a detailed historical analysis of Axel Springer, we suggest that pioneering strategies in new markets created by the diffusion of digital technologies are negatively moderated by the fit between firms’ legacy core capabilities and those required to enter the new market. We then show that pioneering strategies in non-core legacy markets are instrumental in creating the capabilities necessary for the sustainability of first-mover advantages (FMA) in the legacy core markets. Finally, we show the role of managerial cognition as a key individual-level enabler in achieving pioneering advantages.     

绩效新思路:从静态考核转变成全面管理

从绩效考核转变成绩效管理,是战略性人力资源管理所倡导的新思路。绩效考核和绩效管理有实质性的区别,前者是传统的人事考核方式,而后者却是现代意义上的人力资源开发方式。绩效管理包括绩效计划、绩效沟通、绩效考评、绩效诊断和辅导。从绩效考核到绩效管理的深刻变革,对管理者提出新的要求:①必须从传统式的主管转变为教练型管理角色、②必须具备较高的传授和咨询的管理技能。     

职位激励运用于商业银行人才竞争的研究

商业银行之间的竞争日趋激烈,重视和发挥职位激励在人才竞争中的作用,已成为商业银行人才竞争的需要。文章运用激励理论的原理,结合商业银行的行业特点,阐明了职位激励在商业银行人才竞争中的特殊地位;以系统性的观点来研究职位激励,提出了职位激励运用于商业银行人才竞争的对策建议,旨在促进商业银行在人才竞争中更为合理有效地运用职位激励,更好地发挥职位激励的功效。     

A Graphical Approach to the Standard Principal-Agent Model

An obstacle to the teaching of principal-agent theory is the technical complexity and intractability of the general model. Even in academic studies strong assumptions are often imposed so as to derive an analytical solution. The author describes a graphical approach to the standard principal-agent model. Characterizing equilibrium in the contract space defined by the incentive parameter and insurance component of pay under a linear contract, this approach provides a simple and intuitive method for analyzing the principal-agent problem, which can be easily understood by students of economics with basic knowledge of algebra and differentiation. The approach has shown to be convenient and rich for comparative statics analyses.     

Operational planning and competitive strategies of male and female retailers

Interest in the managerial practices of females in business has increased over the past decade due to women's increased representation in business. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that women approach decision making differently from men. The purpose of this study is to determine if gender differences regarding managerial strategies exist in the retail setting. Targeted managerial strategies focused on short-term planning processes (personnel, financial, inventory and market planning) and competitive strategies in operation (differentiation, cost leadership and focus). In a sample of 459 retailers from a twelve-state region, MANOVA was used to determine if significant differences in managerial strategies existed between genders. The data on retail competitive strategies suggest that men and women more likely than male business owners to recognize in the importance of differentiation and focus as retail competitive strategies in their business operations. Gender differences were also found in the operational planning areas of market and inventory planning.     

Strategic R&D investment,competitive toughness and growth

We show, within a single industry, the possibility that R&D‐investment is non‐monotonically related to competitive toughness: increasing when competition is soft and decreasing when competition is tough. This possibility results from the combination of a Schumpeterian markup squeezing effect discouraging innovation, and a concentration effect spurring innovators. It is obtained in a sectoral model where the number of innovators is random and where non‐successful investors may remain productive. The result is extended to a multisectoral stochastic endogenous growth model with overlapping generations of consumers and firms, the number of which is endogenously determined in the capital market.