先进制造模式下创新在提高生产效率中的作用分析——以某船厂为例

中国从世界制造大国发展成为世界制造强国必须实行先进制造模式。而在造船领域,总装化造船则是一种先进制造模式。本文以新增长理论为基础,从新制度经济学的角度论述了专业化分工协作的造船体制等制度创新因素对提高造船效率的影响;建立某船厂造船量增长模型,并分析了造船模式创新、技术创新、人力资本创新等因素在造船量增长中的贡献率。测算表明,作为一种先进制造模式,造船模式的创新对生产效率的提高起到了非常重要的作用。     

城镇化和制造业结构升级互动关系研究*——基于挤入挤出效应的考察

城镇化与制造业结构升级存在产业关联和资源配置竞争。协调推进城镇化和制造业结构升级,迫切需要识别两者的互动关系。不同于以往的研究思路,本文在对房地产投资、高技术产业投资进行挤入挤出理论分析的基础上,提出了城镇化与制造业产业结构的互动概念框架。基于此,本文采用联立方程实证策略,利用我国2002—2012年面板数据,运用3SLS方法展开分析。研究发现：土地偏向的城镇化进程中,房地产投资对高技术产业投资产生明显挤出效应,对传统产业产生了微弱挤入效应,城镇化对制造业升级有抑制作用;东部地区与全国整体情况一致,而中西部地区的房地产投资对传统产业投资也产生了挤出效应;以高技术投资表征的制造业结构升级微弱地促进了城镇化进程。     

A tale of industrial stagnation from Africa

Many African economies have experienced rather dismal industrial development since the 1980s. The consensus is that African firms lack competitiveness in a world with increasing trade openness. What determines competitiveness? A well‐known explanation is that resource endowments in Africa favour land not labour, which results in high wages, especially in comparison with ‘labour abundant’ Asian economies. This paper examines the validity of this view on the basis of the case of Sudan. We demonstrate that the lack of competitiveness of manufacturing industries is not caused by high wages. Assuming a direct relationship between labour productivity and international competitiveness, we argue that acute capacity underutilisation, caused by supply‐side constraints, lowers manufacturing productivity, which in turn negatively influences competitiveness.     

江西省制造业产业集聚、地区专业化与经济增长实证研究

采用2006-2009年江西省11地级市20个制造业构成的时间—地区—行业的三维面板数据,实证分析产业集聚、地区专业化与经济增长的关系.结果表明,产业集聚、地区专业化与经济增长之间的关系并不是简单的线性关系,而是呈现倒U型的关系,并运用新地理经济学的相关理论分析拐点出现的原因.结果表明:追求经济增长最大化时,加工制造业较非加工制造业需要更高的专业化水平,非加工制造业较加工制造业需要更高的集聚水平;要素禀赋高的鄱阳湖地区较要素禀赋低的非鄱阳湖地区可以达到更高的产业集聚、地区专业化水平;江西省11个地区的产业集聚、专业化水平远没有达到经济增长最大时的水平..     

Innovation and knowledge-intensive business service: the contribution of knowledge-intensive business service to innovation in manufacturing establishments

It is well established that knowledge-intensive business service (KIBS) firms can be innovators in their own right. It is also well established that KIBS can contribute to innovation in their client firms. This role of KIBS has been theorised, and some of the processes by which KIBS contribute to innovation have been scrutinised by way of case studies. However, there are few, if any, large-scale analyses that permit the two following questions to be addressed: (i) Do firms that use KIBS systematically introduce more innovations than those that do not? (ii) Is recourse to certain types of KIBS associated with certain types of innovation? Our survey of KIBS use across 804 manufacturing establishments in Quebec shows that KIBS contribute to their client's innovation – thereby confirming in a more general way what has been observed in case studies – but also that different types of KIBS contribute to different types of innovation.     

Information Technology As A Factor Of Production: The Role Of Differences Among Firms

Despite evidence that information technology (IT) has recently become a productive investment for a large cross-section of firms, a number of questions remain. Some of these issues can be addressed by extending the basic production function approach that was applied in earlier work. Specifically, in this short paper we: 1) control for individual firm differences in productivity by employing a ‘firm effects’ specification, 2) consider the more flexible translog specification instead of only the Cobb-Douglas specification, and 3) allow all parameters to vary between various subsectors of the economy.

We find that while ‘firm effects’ may account for as much as half of the productivity benefits imputed to IT in earlier studies, the elasticity of IT remains positive and statistically significant. We also find that the estimates of IT elasticity and marginal product are little-changed when the less restrictive translog production function is employed. Finally, we find only limited evidence of differences in IT's marginal product between manufacturing and services and between the ‘measurable’ and ‘unmeasurable’ sectors of the economy. Surprisingly, we find that the marginal product of IT is at least as high in firms that did not grow during 1988–1992 sample period as it is in firms that grew.     

New Networks of Technological Creation in Energy Industries: Reassessment of the Roles of Equipment Suppliers and Operators

Energy industry companies have succeeded in maintaining and even increasing their production of knowledge during the last 15 years (1985/1998) within a financial context of reducing their in-house R&D expenditures. To understand these apparently paradoxical changes, elements of analysis are sought within an evolutionary framework, and especially referring to the related developments to network-firms, user-supplier relationships, and interactive nature of innovation processes. Empirical data are provided on patents granted to a sample of the top 15 world largest companies, both operators and equipment suppliers, and for the oil production and power generation industries. Interpretation of the results suggests that two dynamics ought to be distinguished. On the one side, dynamics of the networks of technological creation are characterized by a movement upstream of the head of the network towards suppliers. On the other side networks of creation of competitive advantages and bargaining power continue to be based on the operators and their strategies of adaptation to the constraints and opportunities of their institutional, financial and competitive environment.     

Implementing technology roadmapping with supplier selection for semiconductor manufacturing companies

The rapid pace of technological innovation in the semiconductor manufacturing industry has necessitated the acquisition of competitive advantage from strategic technology planning. The vital requisite for this is well-timed investment including the replacement of old equipment with advanced new equipment. In such investment, selecting the appropriate semiconductor manufacturing equipment from the appropriate supplier is a key factor for successful technology planning. Therefore, equipment supplier selection should be taken into account in the technology planning of semiconductor manufacturing companies. One of the most widely used tools for technology planning is the technology roadmap (TRM). However, conventional TRMs have not considered the task of supplier selection. To address this limitation, this study proposes an extended, four-layered TRM that adds the layer of equipment supplier to the conventional layers of market, product, and technology. The equipment suppliers to be included in the new layer are selected from the supplier portfolio matrix composed of two performance axes: supplier performance and equipment performance. The candidates of equipment suppliers are placed on the supplier portfolio matrix according to the values of two axes determined by evaluation using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The proposed TRM is expected to be useful for technology planning by adding a consideration for equipment supplier selection in semiconductor manufacturing companies.     

Knowledge organisation in R&D alliances: its impact on product innovation

Based on the knowledge-based view of the firm, this paper analyses how alternative configurations of technological relatedness in interfirm research and development (R&D) alliances influence specific types of product innovation. A longitudinal study of pharmaceutical firms provides support for the argument that complementary alliances contribute to the development of both radical and incremental innovation. Collaborating with partners that have similar technologies only enhances incremental innovation, although its impact is curvilinear. These evidences highlight the importance of designing a suitable portfolio of R&D alliances in order to develop different innovative competences.     

制造业企业套期保值方案实施的绩效评价研究

套期保值是现代企业规避商品价格剧烈波动的最理想的风险管理工具之一,通过套期保值,可以改变企业在原材料采购过程中的被动性,使企业主动控制生产成本,保证经营利润。对企业开展的套期保值业务进行正确的绩效评价,对提高企业开展套期保值业务的积极性具有重要的指导意义。通过对影响企业套期保值效果因素的分析,提出企业可以将期货和现货市场的综合收益以及期货市场套保品种的均价作为评价套期保值绩效的参考对象,能够正确引导企业合理参与套期保值,正确评价套期保值效果。