体内蛋白质代谢的测量的主要方法

本文主要描述了进二三十年里测量体内蛋白平衡的主要方法,包括全身和特定器官的氮平衡,全身或特定器官的蛋白质转化,测量全身蛋白质流量的同位素示踪物,特定组织、器官蛋白质转换量的测量。     

On China's exosomatic energy metabolism: An application of multi-scale integrated analysis of societal metabolism (MSIASM)

The methodology of multi-scale integrated analysis of societal metabolism (MSIASM) is applied to the analysis of the recent evolution of Chinese economy. This paper has two goals: (1) to show the MSIASM scheme is effective in handling in an integrated way different types of data, mixing extensive and intensive variables, on different levels; and (2) to provide a multi-scale integrated analysis of the trajectory of development of China. The quality of possible scenarios is checked by identifying constraints affecting their feasibility and by characterizing them in relation to different dimensions and scales of analysis.This entails 4 tasks: (i) identifying a set of benchmarks that makes it possible to compare different characteristics and features of China to other countries and to the average values calculated for the world level; (ii) explaining the differences found over the selected set of benchmarks, by looking at the characteristics of the various sub-sectors of Chinese economy; (iii) understanding existing trends and future feasible paths of China's development by studying the existence of reciprocal constraints between the whole economy and its compartments; and (iv) examining possible future scenarios of development for China.     

马克思的新陈代谢断裂理论与新型城市化

新陈代谢断裂是人与自然之间的物质循环断裂,本质就是由于资本的逻辑而导致的城乡社会之间物质循环的断裂,一些食物运输到城市,经消费后在城市造成了环境污染,而另一方面农村土地的肥力无法得到补偿,资本的逐利性是造成资本主义生态断裂的根源.新型城市化应是生态文明的城市,促进城乡的一体化发展,促进城乡之间物质的合理循环.     

Multi-scale integrated assessment of soybean biodiesel in Brazil

Developing counties are often believed to have excellent conditions for biofuel production, however studies aimed at assessing the sustainability of large scale biofuel programs have generally focused on a few variables related to one scientific domain and one scale. Contrary to this approach, this paper analyzes soybean biodiesel in Brazil using a parallel biophysical and economic assessment at different scales. A Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach is applied as a scenario analysis tool. A soybean biodiesel energy balance for the specific conditions of Brazil is included and the energy ratio turns out to be 1.09. This means that the energy delivered is higher than the energy invested, however the net energy is very low. The economic impacts are analyzed through input-output analysis. The results show that soybean biodiesel increases energy consumption per hour of work without a corresponding increase in economic labor productivity. Consequently the already low energy efficiency of Brazilian production could get worse. Although Brazil has large expanses of land, the substitution of 20% fossil diesel (i.e. just 3.3% of the country's primary energy consumption) with fully renewable biodiesel might destroy protected areas and forests and increase the GHGs emitted.     

系统性健康教育对2型糖尿病糖代谢的干预作用

目的:探讨健康教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖代谢的干预作用及临床意义。方法:对2型糖尿病患者进行12周的健康教育培训,检测并比较空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白等糖代谢指标。结果:实施系统健康教育的患者12周后各项糖代谢指标均有显著性改善。结论:对2型糖尿病患者进行系统健康教育干预,对于改善其糖代谢水平具有积极意义。     

不同饮食结构对幼年大鼠脂代谢机理的实验研究

20只离乳SD性雄性大鼠随机分为两组,分别对其采用不同干预方式,8周后对两组大鼠进行血脂及相关糖、脂代谢酶指标的检测。实验结果显示,高脂喂养大鼠的体重、体脂含量、胰岛素及血胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、TG/HDL水平均比对照组明显升高,高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)下降,同时肝脂酶和葡萄糖激酶活性也显著高于对照组,而脂蛋白脂酶活性却明显低于对照组大鼠,且有显著性差异(P<0.05)。研究结果说明高脂饮食条件下,糖、脂代谢酶活性的改变,可能会对脂代谢产生影响,进而引起脂质代谢紊乱,导致肥胖。     

任丘地区井孔注水和地震活动与地裂缝的关系

本文分析了任丘地区井孔注水、地震、地裂缝活动之间的时空关系，认为地质坏境是地裂缝发生的物质基础；区域中、强地震是地裂缝形成的主导因素；井孔注水可引发微震，一般不会导致地裂缝产生，只是地裂缝形成与发展的诱发因素。     

Thermal Eco‐cities: Green Building and Urban Thermal Metabolism

Eco‐city projects are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the globe and are often marketed as ‘new’ urban environments focused on achieving sustainable urban living while promoting environmental–economic transitions towards a low‐carbon technological and industrial base. The article argues for the need to consider the thermal aspects of urban metabolism, while at the same time focusing on the link between individual buildings and eco‐city master plans and wider economic development strategies at a state level. In so doing, the article encourages critical analysis of eco‐city design and planning, while keeping a focus on the role of specific building structures within eco‐cities as examples of the intermeshing of what can be termed a ‘political ecology of scale’ which stretches from specific buildings' climatic characteristics, to the metabolic master plan for eco‐cities, to provincial, regional and state‐level plans for the integration of eco‐cities within wider economic and political development trajectories. The article focuses on Masdar, in Abu Dhabi, an eco‐city under construction at the time of writing.     

Human appropriation of net primary production in the United Kingdom, 1800-2000 : Changes in society's impact on ecological energy flows during the agrarian-industrial transition

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the United Kingdom's society's long-term intervention into the energy flows of domestic terrestrial ecosystems through the human appropriation of aboveground net primary production (aHANPP) covering the period 1800-2000. The depicted aHANPP trajectory and the historical development of its components are discussed in view of a continuously increasing population and the transition process from an agrarian to an industrial socioecological regime. During the 19th century, aHANPP shows a steady decline from its level of 71% in 1800. While even higher levels were reached during the mid 20th century, the trend during the last forty years of the period under investigation again shows a reduction of aHANPP, which lies at 68% in the year 2000. The high values of aHANPP in the United Kingdom are primarily attributable to the limited amount of forest in comparison to large agricultural areas. At the beginning of the studied period, the relative stabilisation or even decrease in aHANPP in comparison to population development was made possible through the area expansion of and productivity increases on cropland and permanent pastures. Later this was made possible through the outsourcing of biomass harvest, by satisfying local nutritional demands by means of overseas imports, and as from the mid 20th century through huge amounts of fossil fuel based inputs into agriculture (e.g. increased amounts of fertilizers and motorized traction) which allowed increases in biomass harvest to be decoupled from HANPP.     

Global patterns of socioeconomic biomass flows in the year 2000: A comprehensive assessment of supply, consumption and constraints

Human use of biomass has become a major component of the global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. The use of land for biomass production (e.g. cropland) is among the most important pressures on biodiversity. At the same time, biomass is indispensable for humans as food, animal feed, raw material and energy source. In order to support research into these complex issues, we here present a comprehensive assessment of global socioeconomic biomass harvest, use and trade for the year 2000. We developed country-level livestock balances and a consistent set of factors to estimate flows of used biomass not covered by international statistics (e.g. grazed biomass, crop residues) and indirect flows (i.e. biomass destroyed during harvest but not used). We found that current global terrestrial biomass appropriation amounted to 18.7 billion tonnes dry matter per year (Pg/yr) or 16% of global terrestrial NPP of which 6.6 Pg/yr were indirect flows. Only 12% of the economically used plant biomass (12.1 Pg/yr) directly served as human food, while 58% were used as feed for livestock, 20% as raw material and 10% as fuelwood. There are considerable regional variations in biomass supply and use. Distinguishing 11 world regions, we found that extraction of used biomass ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 t/ha/yr, per-capita values varied between 1.2 and 11.7 t/cap/yr (dry matter). Aggregate global biomass trade amounted to 7.5% of all extracted biomass. An analysis of these regional patterns revealed that the level of biomass use per capita is determined by historically evolved patterns of land use and population density rather than by affluence or economic development status. Regions with low population density have the highest level of per-capita biomass use, high-density regions the lowest. Livestock, consuming 30-75% of all harvested biomass, is another important factor explaining regional variations in biomass use. Global biomass demand is expected to grow during the next decades; the article discusses some options and possible limitations related to such a scenario.