Financialization of Housing in Brazil: New Frontiers

The financialization of housing has been increasingly identified as an important driver of social and economic change in contemporary capitalism. Focusing on the Brazilian context, this article considers the extent to which recent changes in housing regulations, policies and markets confirm or challenge narratives about the financialization of housing in the international academic debate. I argue that while many of the trends stressed in the literature are apparent, more extreme processes of financialization within the Brazilian housing sector remain limited––not only because of institutional and regulatory constraints, path dependence or political resistance, but also because of fundamental structural conditions of Brazil's position as a peripheral economy. Three different but mutually reinforcing processes are scrutinized in order to evaluate the financialization of housing and its limits in Brazil: the re‐regulation of the real estate financial sector initiated in the 1990s; the changing funding patterns among real estate companies since the mid‐2000s; and the increasing commodification of housing induced by a large‐scale and heavily subsidized housing program launched in 2009.     

高房价理性回归的金融通道

近年来,随着我国经济的快速增长和城市化进程的不断深入,我国出现了房价过快上涨的势头。高房价背后有着各种成因,抵押贷款证券化在解决高房价问题上具有合理性和可行性,保持审慎、稳健的监管,通过合理的金融市场建设和金融资源分配,房地产市场能够回归理性,房价回归正常合理的水平。     

The Variegated Financialization of Housing

There is a small but growing literature on the financialization of housing that demonstrates how housing is a central aspect of financialization. Despite the varied analyses of the financialization of housing and the importance of housing to financialization, the relations between housing and financialization remain under‐researched and under‐theorized. The financialization of housing is not really a specific form of financialization, transcending as it does a number of different forms of financialization. Housing systems, in particular, vary widely across the globe, which implies that housing financialization will be inherently variegated, path‐dependent and uneven. In this introduction to the symposium, I will discuss how the articles to follow contribute to the literature on the financialization of housing. Housing has entered a post‐Fordist, neoliberal and financialized regime. Increasingly, both mortgaged homeownership and subsidized rental housing are there to keep financial markets going, rather than being facilitated by those markets. There is little evidence that the global financial crisis has resulted in any de‐financialization of housing. There are common trajectories within uneven and variegated financialization, rather than radically different and completely unrelated forms of housing financialization.     

Does easing monetary policy increase financial instability?

This paper develops a model featuring both a macroeconomic and a financial friction that speaks to the interaction between monetary and macro-prudential policy and to the role of US monetary and regulatory policy in the run up to the Subprime mortgage crisis. There are two main results. First, interest rate rigidities in a monopolistic banking system increase the probability of a financial crisis (relative to the case of flexible interest rate) in response to contractionary shocks to the economy, while they act as automatic macro-prudential stabilizers in response to expansionary shocks. Second, when the interest rate is the only available instrument, monetary policy faces a trade-off between macroeconomic and financial stability. This trade off is both qualitative and quantitative in response to contractionary shocks, while it is only quantitative in response to positive shocks. We show that a second instrument, such as a Pigouvian tax on credit to households on the demand side of the market, is needed to restore efficiency in the economy when both frictions are at work.     

公平与效率:资产证券化的税收政策取向

资产证券化作为当今国际资本市场上最具活力与最有效的一种金融工具正风靡全球,也进入了中国.资产证券化作为一项复杂的结构性融资安排,将受法律、税务、会计等多种制度的影响.本文力图在资产证券化税负分析框架的基础上,阐释税收作用机理,剖析我国税收政策缺失,探索税制优化路径.     

Intellectual Property Securitization and Growth Capital in Retail Franchising

A retail franchisor needs growth capital so that the brand continues to grow and franchisor–franchisee relations remain strong. However, access to corporate liquidity to fund such franchise growth options is not unlimited. A method of raising finance particularly suited to retail franchisors is intellectual property (IP) securitization that allows companies to account for intangible assets such as intellectual property, royalty and brands and realize their full value. In recent years, a number of large restaurant franchisors have securitized their brands to raise funds, including Dunkin Brands and Domino's Pizza (Domino's). We use property rights approach to show that IP securitization provides mechanisms that explicitly define ownership of intangible assets within the securitization structure and thus enables a company to raise funds against these assets. Using a case study example of a retail franchise IP securitization transaction, we also provide evidence that these mechanisms are not overly restrictive and can be used more widely to help fund retail franchise growth and expansion.     

我国资产证券化存在的问题及对策

资产证券化是目前世界上一种比较先进的融资模式。在我国资产证券化的初步实践中,存在诸如SPV主体法人资格、基础资产标准、资产真实出售、担保信用增级、会计处理、税收优惠、机构投资者准入等问题。要实现资产证券化在我国的健康、稳健发展,必须从完善法律、税收、会计、金融及监管制度等多方面着手解决以上问题。     

中国开展“以房养老”影响因素的实证分析

“以房养老”对解决我国面临的养老金支付有重要的意义。但是在实践中,我国老年群体参与的积极性并不高,本文在社会调查的基础上,进行了数据整理并且使用Logit模型进行了实证研究,得出影响中国老年群体参与其中的关键因素是传统习惯影响的结论,并且就此提出解决问题的设想。     

浅析可证券化的知识产权资产的选择

知识产权证券化运用的是资产证券化的操作技术,从逻辑上讲,被证券化的知识产权应该首先符合资产证券化中对资产的要求。由于知识产权作为一种无形资产所具有的特性,使之与传统的金融资产相比较,知识产权资产有其自身的特点。应该根据证券化对资产选择的标准,同时结合知识产权本身特有的属性确定可证券化的知识产权资产应具有的特征。     

美国次贷危机的反思:最新国际文献综述

次贷危机发生后,国际上许多学者对此进行了反思。美国次级抵押贷款市场恶化与崩溃的许多信号早在此前就能够观察得到,次贷违约及违约的可能性存在多种决定因素;次贷危机并不特殊,其实是历次危机的重现;对于如何治理这次金融危机以及防范类似危机的发生,许多学者提出了独到见解。