The riskiness of outstanding mortgages in the United States, 1999–2019

This article introduces measures of credit risk for all outstanding mortgages in the United States between 1999 and 2019. Terminations play a fundamental role in offsetting risk introduced by new originations because of refinance activity and the often dual nature of home buyers as concurrent sellers. To illustrate these concepts in a policy setting, I show that the Home Affordable Refinance Program increased origination risk metrics but reduced overall risk due to associated terminations of even riskier loans. In addition to these flow dynamics, amortization, loan age, collateral appreciation, and prior selection drive changes to portfolio-level risk.     

Are covered bonds different from securitization bonds? A comparative analysis of credit spreads

This study compares credit spreads and pricing determinants of securitization vis-à-vis covered bonds. Our analysis reveals that although ratings are the most important pricing determinant for asset-backed securities (ABS) and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) investors place relatively more importance on contractual, macroeconomic and banks' characteristics rather than ratings in pricing covered bonds. We find evidence of a mispricing effect in structured finance markets: ABS and MBS have higher credit spreads than similarly rated public-covered bonds and mortgage-covered bonds and security prices reflect information beyond credit ratings. We find no evidence of borrowing costs affecting banks' choice between securitization and covered bonds.     

农用水权抵押贷款的三方演化博弈分析

农用水权抵押贷款有利于提高水权价值和激励节水,对农民增收也具有积极的促进效用,是践行绿色发展观念的新举措。当社会开发了农用水权抵押贷款模式,当地政府、商业银行、农户便是相关利益主体,为了探究三方主体在农用水权抵押贷款模式发展初期的相互影响关系,建立了三方演化博弈模型求解演化稳定均衡点,并对其演化规律进行仿真模拟。结果表明:不同利益主体的策略选择极易受其他主体策略选择变化的影响,对关键影响变量的调节可以改变主体的策略选择。提出了加快水权确权、完善水权交易市场、建立健全相关法律法规、强化地方政府激励、加大对银行政策支持、重塑农村信用体系和完善奖惩机制等促进农用水权抵押贷款有效展开的建议。     

农户林权抵押贷款意愿影响因素分析

从林贷需求的角度，分析了影响林农参与林权抵押贷款意愿的因素，并通过多元回归分析，找出影响林农林贷意愿的显著性因子及其大小，分别针对政府、金融机构、林农等方面为制定林贷发展政策提供相关政策建议。     

房产税、信贷政策与房价波动

本文将房地产市场调控的三种货币政策和财政政策纳入统一分析框架，定量分析了房产税、抵押贷款利率与限贷政策的调控力度及其异同和形成机理，提供了一个可借鉴的简洁研究范式。局部均衡和一般均衡模型分析都表明：第一，价格型调控政策，即房产税和抵押贷款利率政策，不论从调控力度还是从长短期调控效果来看都非常类似，均能有效抑制房价非理性上涨；房产税调控效果最强，贷款利率政策次之；第二，数量型政策，即抵押贷款政策的调控力度最弱，且其在短期和长期内的调控效果完全相反。“限贷”在短期能抑制房价上涨，但长期反而助推房价上涨，这部分解释了为什么会发生“越调越涨”的窘境。因此在构建房地产市场调控长效机制时，要兼顾政策工具的调控力度、短期和长期调控效果，灵活采取不同的或组合政策工具，才能有效化解房地产市场风险，实现“房住不炒”的双重目标。     

Owner-occupancy fraud and mortgage performance

We identify occupancy fraud—borrowers who misrepresent their occupancy status as owner-occupants rather than investors—in residential mortgage originations. Unlike previous work, we show that fraud was prevalent in originations not just during the housing bubble but also persists through more recent times. We also demonstrate that fraud is broad-based and appears in government-sponsored enterprise and bank portfolio loans, not just in private securitization; these fraudulent borrowers make up one third of the effective investor population. Occupancy frauds obtain credit at lower interest rates, suggesting a motivation for undertaking fraud. These fraudulent borrowers perform substantially worse than similar declared investors, defaulting at a 75% higher rate. We also provide evidence consistent with fraudulent borrowers’ defaults being more “strategic,” suggesting that this population poses a risk in the face of declining house prices.     

Hybrid MADM-based study of key risk factors in house-for-pension reverse mortgage lending in Taiwan's banking industry

The issue of financial problems among the elderly has garnered the attention of multiple generations. In 2018, Taiwan formally attained an ageing society status. In order to address the financial difficulties elderly people face, an annuity system reform was launched by the Taiwanese government. Reverse mortgage lending, which is performed on the basis of house-for-pension, is an alternate method for enhancing their standard of living and sustaining their financial stability. The elderly applicants often mortgage their properties to financial institutions in order to maintain a steady cash flow for the fulfilment of their daily needs and live their remaining years in the mortgaged properties without vacating. Prior studies on house-for-pension in the Taiwanese context primarily concentrated on institutional implementation analysis but limitedly explored the uncertainty risks banks face when implementing the house-for-pension scheme. First, a literature review on the risks associated with house-for-pension reverse mortgage financing and comprehensive interviews with banking industry professionals were conducted. Subsequently, in the Taiwanese banking sector, assessment criteria for important risk factors in house-for-pension reverse mortgage financing were devised. The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) was utilised to assess the interdependence of the assessment criteria. Next, the DEMATEL-based analytic network process (ANP) or DANP were used to calculate the weights of evaluation criteria. By employing modified VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), a gap analysis was undertaken on the assessment criteria and sub-criteria. The study's findings serve as a guideline for the Taiwanese banking industry in formulating, improving, or amending the risk exposure mitigation measures for reverse mortgage lending.     

Lenders’ pricing strategy: Do neighborhood risks matter?

This article explores the different pricing strategies of lenders who originate both government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) and non-GSE loans. We find that conditional on loan and borrower characteristics and some observable local economic factors, mortgage rates on GSE loans vary significantly across regions. However, we observe no sizable regional variation in loan amounts or default risk. By contrast, the mortgage rates on non-GSE loans depend almost entirely on borrowers and loan characteristics. In addition, we find that spatial variations in GSE mortgage rates are highly responsive to regional prepayment risk. Our results are robust to various controls for neighborhood characteristics, including regional-level bank competition, borrower accessibility to mortgages, and household income levels. Overall, the findings offer a novel insight into how lenders adjust pricing strategies in response to a changing lending environment. The results provide implications relating to the present and imminent dangers of housing bubbles and the intensified refinancing wave following the COVID-19 pandemic.     

土地经营权抵押贷款试点政策对农业机械化的影响研究 ——来自中国试点县准自然实验的证据

研究目的：评估农村土地经营权抵押贷款试点政策对农业机械化的政策效果并厘清其作用机制，为完善土地经营权抵押贷款运作机制提供参考。研究方法：理论分析、双重差分方法。研究结果：（1)土地经营权抵押贷款试点政策对县域层面的农业机械化水平总体上而言具有显著且稳健的促进效应；（2)土地经营权抵押贷款试点对农业机械化的政策效应会受到农业发展水平、财政支出水平以及区域位置的调节效应影响；（3)从作用机制来看，土地经营权抵押贷款试点政策可以促进人口、地理和经济层面的县域金融集聚，在普惠金融发展下提高农户的金融可及性并缓解其信贷约束问题，最终推进农业机械化进程。研究结论：在总结现有试点区域政策经验的基础之上，应针对性地制定与所在区域相吻合的土地经营权抵押贷款政策，以促进金融集聚，实现政策的长期效应。