资源环境承载力研究范式的分化与比较

研究目的：在自然资本成为可持续发展关键因素的背景下,梳理与审视资源环境承载力的研究范式。研究方 法：文献研究和比较分析。研究结果：（1）资源环境承载力的研究范式可以归纳为限制因子分析、多因素综合分析、生 态足迹分析、净初级生产力的人类占用分析和行星边界分析 5 类;（2）承载力不同范式之间存在递进、重叠和互补等关 系,其中限制因子分析为基础范式,限制因子与多因素综合、生态足迹与净初级生产力的人类占用、行星边界与传统承 载力范式之间均存在互补关系,同时各类范式之间还存在一定的重叠关系;（3）行星边界分析适用于全球生态安全和 可持续性责任划分议题,限制因子分析、生态足迹分析和净初级生产力的人类占用分析适用于国家、区域等大中尺度 资源和生态安全议题,多因素综合分析适用于社会经济协调发展议题。研究结论：上述资源环境承载力研究范式在理 论基础、量化方法和政策价值等方面各有侧重,未来亟需加强对不同范式之间交互关联和融合发展的研究。     

增强基层政府基本公共服务提供能力的思考

我国县级政府是治理县域社会的主体,在统筹县域社会发展中发挥着重要的作用。基本公共服务提供能力的弱化在客观上制约了基层政府职能的履行和竞争能力的提升,可以通过以基层政府职能重心位移为依据,合理调整财政支出结构,以增强基层财政能力为重点,完善公共财政体制来实现基层政府基本公共服务提供能力。     

The Commodity Terms of Trade, Unit Roots, and Nonlinear Alternatives: A Smooth Transition Approach

This article extends the recent literature on the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis of a long-run decline in the relative prices of primary commodities. Our main innovation is testing for and estimating nonlinear alternatives to a secular deterioration. Specifically, we use bootstrap procedures to test the linear unit root model against models belonging to the family of smooth transition autoregressions (STARs) for twenty-four commodities, 1900–2003. In nineteen cases we reject the linear null at usual significance levels. In sixteen cases we are able to successfully fit STAR-type models. Simulation results show there is little support for the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis.     

新农村建设中的农村基层党组织建设途径探析

农村基层党组织是社会主义新农村建设的政治和组织保障。随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,农村基层党组织面临着许多新情况,产生了许多新问题,需要从组织的设置形式、党员素质、队伍建设、“两委”关系、干部待遇等方面,积极加强农村基层党组织的建设。     

Contract teachers and student achievement in rural China: evidence from class fixed effects

For schooling to play an important role in the development of human capital, the system of education needs to provide quality education, which among other things requires high‐quality teachers. Facing fiscal constraints and growing enrolments, school systems in developing countries often supplement their teaching staff by hiring contract teachers. However, there is limited evidence on how the effectiveness of these teachers compares to that of civil service teachers. We use a dataset from rural primary schools in western China to estimate the causal effect of contract teachers on student achievement and find that gains in student scores on standardised examinations in mathematics and Chinese are less in classes taught by contract teachers than in classes taught by civil service teachers. The results demonstrate that China's education system needs to focus on producing high‐quality teachers to improve the quality of schooling in its rural education system. The findings imply that educators in developing countries should not only seek to hire increasingly more civil service teachers in rural schools, but they should also identify ways of improving the quality of contract teachers. If efforts to improve teaching can succeed, rural students can learn more, earn higher incomes and contribute more to the productivity of the overall economy.     

英国医疗保险体制改革评析

英国的医疗保险体系具有公平、面广、成本低等诸多优点,但同时也存在着资金不足、医疗质量不高等问题。从20世纪90年代起,英国即持续不断地进行以开源节流、扩大医疗服务能力、提高医疗服务质量为主要目的的医疗保险体制改革,并在改革中实施了一些对我国医疗保险体制改革具有参考、借鉴价值的好措施,如变身份管理为合同管理、通过利用私人资本和外资拓展医保资金来源、引进国外先进医疗技术和护理技术等。     

Incentive Perception in Livestock Disease Control

The economic incentives facing people making decisions about infectious disease control have been given due theoretical consideration in the literature, based on principles of economic rationality. Such deductive models provide important tools for generating hypotheses. However, the application of such models in a predictive capacity has been criticised. Simultaneously, empirical studies aimed at quantitative exploration of farmer behaviour have relied heavily on social cognitive models, such as the theory of planned behaviour, without exploration of the epidemiological consequences of variability in behaviour within populations. Advances in other social sciences have revealed systematic biases in human reasoning which cast doubt on the validity of the rational economic model as a generalisation of human decision making. We review the characteristics of infectious disease and disease‐control interventions and the potential for bias in implementation decision making at primary producer level. Specific focus is given to the generation of externalities, both positive and negative; the perception of risk, relating to disease incidence, technology adoption and time preference; and finally uncertainty, and its potential to be moderated by trust in information sources. This information is then used to summarise supplemental psychological constructs which taken holistically may strengthen our ability to quantitatively explore human behaviour in this complex decision‐making environment.     

600t/d生活垃圾焚烧锅炉的燃烧调整

垃圾焚烧炉主要以燃烧城市生活垃圾为主。城市生活垃圾热值低、水分高,燃烧调整控制难度较大。本文就如何调整生活垃圾焚烧炉燃烧进行了总结,希望能对垃圾焚烧生产人员有所启发。     

初次分配视角下我国居民消费率下降的原因及对策探究

近年来我国居民消费率呈现持续下降趋势,无论是从纵向还是横向来看,均处于偏低水平。文章基于初次分配视角,将消费率分解为Y/GPP与C/Y两个因子,提出居民消费率下降的原因是居民可支配收入占比下降及预防性储蓄增加。针对如何使居民“有钱花”和“敢花钱”,提出在初次分配中提高居民劳动报酬占比、增加居民财产性收入,并完善社会保障制度建设的政策建议。     

基于电解水制氢和生物质电厂的电与甲醇联产系统

随着各国二氧化碳排放,温室气体猛增,中国提出碳达峰和碳中和目标。新能源的利用是解决环境和能源问题、降低碳排放的最有效的方法。氢能是未来能源发展的重要方向。为此,提出一种基于电解水制氢和生物质电厂的电与甲醇联产系统,通过电解水技术制取氢气和氧气,氧气用于生物质富氧燃烧电厂发电,而电厂产生的富含二氧化碳的尾气用于与氢气合成甲醇。使用Aspen对该系统进行仿真计算的结果显示,该系统年产甲醇26674 t,综合能量效率可达51.98%,氢到甲醇的转化效率为59.84%,动态回收周期为3.47年。此系统在生产电力及甲醇的同时,实现了碳的近零排放,可为中国的氢能利用技术的发展提供一定的参考。