Skill-Specific rather than General Education: A Reason for US–Europe Growth Differences?

In this paper, we develop a model of technology adoption and economic growth in which households optimally obtain either a concept-based, general education or a skill-specific, vocational education. General education is costly to obtain, but enables workers to operate new production technologies. Firms weigh the cost of adopting and operating new technologies against increased profits and optimally choose the level of adoption. We show that an economy whose policies favor vocational education will grow slower in equilibrium than one that favors general education. More importantly, the gap between their growth rates will increase with the growth rate of available technology. By characterizing the optimal Ramsey education policy we also demonstrate that the optimal subsidy for general education increases with the growth rate of available technology. Our theory suggests that European education policies that favored specialized, vocational education might have worked well, both in terms of growth rates and welfare, during the 1960s and 1970s when available technologies changed slowly. However, in the information age of the 1980s and 1990s when new technologies emerged at a more rapid pace, they might have contributed to an increased growth gap relative to the United States.     

农地利用技术创新的类型与模式研究

农地利用技术是一个多层次的体系，它能在扩大耕地面积、提高土地利用率和耕地质量等多方面发挥重要作用。通过对“市场机制自发作用下的技术选择”和“政府引导下的技术选择”两种现实模式的探讨，认为技术创新具有外部性，土地利用更是具有明显的“外溢效应”，加上我国农业比较利益偏低和农地使用权流转市场发育不全带来的农地价格扭曲，常造成市场机制下技术创新的方向与资源稀缺状况不相符合的现象，从而带来资源配置的低效率。因此，适当的政府引导是必要的，也是有效的。     

技术资本价值增值效应：基本内涵、关键因素与政策取向

作为企业知识创造与应用的重要途径，技术资本具有显著的动态竞争优势、规模经济、范围经济和速度经济等效应，实现了技术研发、生产与市场的结合，促进了技术的有效转化及资本价值的增值。技术资本属性、技术体制等是影响技术资本价值增值效应的关键要素。旨在促进技术资本化的政策，应以促进这些要素积极效应的释放为重点。     

清洁生产评价在造纸行业环境影响评价中的应用研究

造纸工业是我国的重要产业之一,但同时又是污染较为严重的行业,造纸行业是环境影响评价关注的重要类别。为此,本文从清洁生产的角度,通过对某造纸企业的生产从原材料、产品、资源消耗和污染物排放为指标的清洁生产全过程进行综合评价,定量分析与评定出企业清洁生产的总体水平。以此为例,探讨和研究了造纸企业清洁生产评价方法、一般程序和评价内容。     

Using data envelopment analysis approach to estimate the health production efficiencies in China

By using Data Envelopment Analysis approach, we treat the health production system in a certain province as a Decision Making Unit (DMU), identify its inputs and outputs, evaluate its technical efficiency in 1982, 1990 and 2000 respectively, and further analyze the relationship between efficiency scores and social-environmental variables. This paper has found several interesting findings. Firstly, provinces on frontier in different year are different, but provinces far from the frontier keep unchanged. The average efficiency of health production has made a significant progress from 1982 to 2000. Secondly, all provinces in China can be divided into six categories in terms of health production outcome and efficiency, and each category has specific approach of improving health production efficiency. Thirdly, significant differences in health production efficiencies have been found among the eastern, middle and western regions in China, and among the eastern and middle regions. At last, there is significant positive relationship between population density and health production efficiency but negative relationship (not very significant) between the proportions of public health expenditure in total expense and efficiency. Maybe it is the result of inappropriate tendency of public expenditure. The relationship between abilities to pay for health care services and efficiency in urban areas is opposite to that in rural areas. One possible reason is the totally different income and public services treatments between rural and urban residents. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust health policies and service provisions which are specifically designed to different population groups. __________ Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2006, (7): 92–105     

赛博空间技术支撑及在城市地理研究中的应用

赛博空间是一种崭新的人类生活和交往空间，它以计算机技术、现代通讯网络技术、虚拟现实技术综合应用为基础，为人们提供了全亲的经济活动场所，本文讨论了赛博空间的概念，以及支撑赛博空间的关键技术，即信息高速公路、遥感技术、地理信息系统技术、数据库管理和虚拟现实技术等，并就其在城市规划，城市交通，商业布局及城市旅游中的若干应用进行探讨。     

多媒体技术在军事上的主要应用

科学技术在军事上的运用是推动军事变革和发展的主要因素。20世纪70年代以来兴起的信息技术革命正在引发一场新的军事革命,势不可挡地推动着世界军事的发展,特别是当今信息技术领域发展最快、最活跃的多媒体技术在军事上的广泛应用,使武器威力倍增,在一定程度上大大地提高了军队的指挥、作战和训练水平,成为军事信息革命的新热点。文章主要对其在军事情报和资料的分析与显示、C3I系统、军事模拟仿真训练等几个方面的主要作用进行了简要的分析。     

浅析计算机辅助编辑技术的应用

随着信息技术的不断发展,计算机的应用范围越来越大,在这过程中所出现的计算机辅助编辑技术,就是利用计算机来帮助传统出版进行编辑工作。在这其中利用技术来有效地收集信息,并且在网上完成对稿件的审核,在这其中包括校对、加工、目录等多方面的设计。一些出版单位应用计算机辅助编辑技术取得了较好的效果。论文首先说明计算机辅助编辑技术应用所存在的问题,然后说明提高计算机辅助编辑技术的策略。     

对高新技术企业R＆D财务管理柔性的思考

从系统的角度分析了高新技术企业R＆D财务管理的刚性和柔性以及R＆D财务管理柔性在R＆D财务管理活动中的体现，在此基础上提出了高新技术企业R＆D财务管理柔性的定义和R＆D财务集成管理的构想。     

Adoption of improved irrigation and drainage reduction technologies under limiting environmental conditions

Modern irrigation technologies have been suggested as a means of conserving scarce water and reducing environmental pollution caused by irrigated agriculture. This paper applies an economic model of technology selection that provides a general framework to analyzing adoption of irrigation technologies under various environmental conditions. Data from the San Joaquin Valley of California is used to verify the theoretical relationships. Results suggest key variables to be considered by policy makers concerned with adoption of modern irrigation technologies. Among these variables are crop prices, water technology costs, farm organization characteristics, and the environmental conditions of the farm or the field. Policy implications were discussed and analyzed.This research was conducted while the first author was a visiting scholar with the Dept. of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis, and USDA-ERS, USA.