建立社会保险基金制度的相对平衡机制

建立社会保险基金制度的相对平衡机制,需要从理论与制度框架上理顺社会保险与政府的关系,确立政府在社会保险中的地位与职能,使财政从无限责任向有限责任转化,通过社会保险某些市场与技术等手段,增强社会保险制度的动机与活力,使社会保险基金制度的相对平衡机制进入良性运行轨道。     

Capital–Skill Complementarity and Inequality in Sweden

Income inequality increased in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s, as did the returns to higher education. The main conclusion of this study is that increased income inequality between high‐ and low‐skilled workers is demand driven and is due to the presence of capital–skill complementarity in production. Increased investments in new, more efficient capital equipment, along with a slowdown in the growth rate of skilled labor, have raised the ratio of effective capital inputs per skilled worker, which, in turn, has increased the relative demand (and market return) for skilled labor through the capital–skill complementarity mechanism.     

Relative Performance Evaluation of Mutual Funds: A Non-Parametric Approach

We propose an alternative mutual fund performance index which addresses the benchmark problem and controls for economies of scale in managing mutual funds. We advance a new concept of 'return-cost' efficiency as another important element in evaluating portfolio management, in addition to the mean-variance efficiency concept. Our index based on a non-parametric estimation is shown to be similar to the Sharpe index with multiple slopes (or factors). We have shown that all fund categories, except income funds, have similar average efficiency scores after controlling for economies of scale. Most funds operate in increasing returns to scale and seem to be successful in holding mean-variance efficient portfolios, but unsuccessful in allocating transaction costs efficiently, evidenced by excessive turnovers and loads.     

论知识经济对现代企业制度的影响

本文认为企业的产权制度安排是由资源的相对稀缺程度决定的。知识经济改变了资源的相对稀缺程度,从而改变了企业的产权制度以及它的实现形成———法人治理结构。     

THE STATISTICS OF LONG-HORIZON REGRESSIONS REVISITED1

This paper compares commonly used approaches for estimating the relation between long-horizon returns and a predetermined variable X₁, such as dividend yields. Specifically, we look at regression of (i) nonoverlapping multiperiod returns on X_t (ii) overlapping multiperiod returns on X_t, (iii) single-period returns on multiperiod X_t, and (iv) single-period returns on X_t and its implied long-horizon regression coefficient. We provide analytical formulae which quantify the efficiency of the estimators used in the various approaches. Using the formulae, as well as Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that the relative efficiency of the estimators used in the various approaches differs remarkably, depending on the dynamic structure of the regressor. of special interest for financial economists, when the regressors are highly autocorrelated, we find that the regressions (ii) (iii), and (iv) provide only marginal efficiency gains above and beyond the nonoverlapping long-horizon regression.     

Structural Changes in the Demand for Labor

This paper investigates why labor demand has shifted away from low-skilled toward high-skilled labor in The Netherlands. We focus on the role of changes in relative wages and technological progress. A flexible functional form, proposed by Diewert and Wales, the Symmetric Generalized McFadden cost function, is estimated for the exposed and sheltered sectors. The estimates are based on time-series data for the period 1972–1993, which recently became available. Labor-saving technological change explains most of the displacement of low-skilled workers. The computed elasticities suggest that substitution between labor as a whole and capital is small. However, substitution plays a modest role in the shift from low-skilled toward high-skilled labor, especially in the sheltered sector. Skill-capital complementarity seems relevant in both sectors.     

Diversity and relative arbitrage in equity markets

An equity market is called diverse if no single stock is ever allowed to dominate the entire market in terms of relative capitalization. In the context of the standard Itô-process model initiated by Samuelson (1965) we formulate this property (and the allied, successively weaker notions of weak diversity and asymptotic weak diversity) in precise terms. We show that diversity is possible to achieve, but delicate. Several examples are provided which illustrate these notions and show that weakly-diverse markets contain relative arbitrage opportunities: it is possible to outperform or underperform such markets over any given time-horizon. The existence of this type of relative arbitrage does not interfere with the development of contingent claim valuation, and has consequences for the pricing of long-term warrants and for put-call parity. Several open questions are suggested for further study.Received: January 2004, Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 60H10, 91B28; 60J55JEL Classification: G10We are grateful for the helpful remarks offered by seminar audiences at Columbia, Yale, Princeton, the Sloan School of MIT, Boston University, the Mathematical Institute in Oberwolfach, and the Universities of Athens, Connecticut/Storrs and Texas/Austin. Special thanks go to Professors Jérôme Detemple, Julien Hugonnier, Ralf Korn, Andrew Lo, Mark Lowenstein and Steven Shreve. We are also indebted to Dr. Adrian Banner for a number of discussions that helped sharpen our thinking about these problems, and to the referees and editors for suggestions that improved the exposition. A significant part of this work was completed in the spring semester of 2002, while the second author was on sabbatical leave at the Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University. He is grateful to the Foundation for its hospitality.     

进出口贸易对相对工资差距的影响

本文以我国有进行进出口贸易的32个细分行业为研究对象,时间跨度为2002～2009年,采用面板模型实证检验进出口贸易对相对工资差距的影响。实证结论显示:在不考虑行业特征的情形下:第一,行业的进出口贸易总额引起相对工资差距的缩小;第二,在将进出口贸易分解为进口贸易和出口贸易的情形下,出口贸易增加引起相对工资差距的缩小,进口贸易增加引起相对工资差距的扩大;在考虑行业特征的情形下:第一,出口扩大工资差距,进口没有影响。第二,行业要素密集度的不同会导致出口贸易和进口贸易对相对工资差距产生不同的影响。     

关注高校贫困大学生相对剥夺感心理

高校贫困生存在一定的相对剥夺感心理,这与中国社会分层、社会比较有关系。影响贫困生的生活、学习与人际交往和心理健康。学校应做好引导贫困生正确看待社会的工作和作好贫困生心理疏导工作。     

粮食生产弱质性及其经济效应

现有文献大多是定性地分析粮食生产弱质性的原因,并把弱质性视为粮食生产永恒不变的特性。笔者以相对劳动生产率系数作为粮食生产弱质性的测量指标,计算分析了1978年以来我国粮食生产弱质性程度的变化趋势及其对经济增长和经济结构转变的影响。研究发现,我国粮食生产弱质性程度的长期变化趋势取决于国家经济结构转型战略,局部波动则主要由政府粮食政策的调整引起;粮食生产弱质性程度与粮食生产经济拉动效应中度负相关;粮食生产弱质性与第一产业比重高度负相关,与第二产业比重没有显著线性相关关系,与第三产业比重高度正相关;粮食生产弱质性对我国经济增长和经济结构调整都有较为显著的影响。