Supervisor Support for the Permanent Replacement of Economic Strikers

Sixty-one supervisors were surveyed to examine the importance of organization commitment, union approval, and quality of union-management relationship in explaining supervisor support for hiring permanent replacements in short and long strike situations. Organization commitment and union approval exhibited a unique negative relationship with support for hiring replacements in a short strike, and union approval exhibited a unique negative relationship with support for hiring replacements in a long strike situation.     

外商直接投资对我国出口贸易的影响

改革开放以来，外商直接投资对我国出口贸易产生极大的影响，促进了我国出口贸易量的飞速增长。根据直接投资与贸易关系理论，二者之间主要存在着替代效应和互补效应两个方面。本文从直接投资与贸易关系理论出发，探讨了改革开放以来外商直接投资对我国出口贸易的促进作用和不利影响，并提出相应的政策建议。     

Price determinants of bred heifers: Do reputations matter?

Replacement brood cows are among the most significant investments for cow-calf operations, thus crucial to profitability. Many cow-calf producers find it cost effective to purchase replacements from a reliable replacement heifer seller, though by doing so they increase risk of reproductive inefficiency due to unknown characteristics of the heifers. When important information about a product is missing to buyers, a seller can build a reputation over time that acts as signal for quality. Previous work has explored reputation effects in feeder cattle markets, but to our knowledge we are the first to explore reputation effects in bred replacement cattle markets. Using data from an annual replacement heifer sale, we analyze the values of heifer characteristics and test for premiums from reputation development. After controlling for reproductive practices, breed, and other characteristics, we find reputation does not play the role that Shapiro theorized. In this sale, the lot order is strategically chosen and may indicate bred heifer quality to buyers, replacing the need for reputation as a signal. This study highlights the importance of quality signals and regional preferences in bred replacement cattle marketing and lays the empirical groundwork for future studies to test Shapiro's theory.     

主政官员更替、不确定性与外资利用

外资利用对地区经济发展具有重要促进作用,并受制于地方政府及其主政官员的影响。本文利用省级层面数据,考察省级主政官员（省委书记、省长）更替所致不确定性对外资利用水平的影响,从官员更替视角探究变动中的地方政府和主政官员如何影响辖区外资利用及其作用机理。研究发现,较未更替年,主政官员更替当年所致不确定性使辖区外资利用水平显著降低。且相比独资型,合资型和合作型外资利用水平显著更受主政官员更替所致不确定性的负向影响。基于主政官员更替特征衡量不确定性程度的研究发现,主政官员更替所致不确定性程度越大,外资利用水平越低。     

利益集团、行为偏好与黄宗羲定律——中国封建王朝更替动因的经济学分析

中国封建社会特殊的社会结构下,封建王朝在其演进过程中,农民集团和官僚集团之间的利益博弈对税赋改革的影响会导致＂黄宗羲定律＂的形成。税赋愈改愈重使得农民在当朝所能获得的效用随时间的推移而降低,从而导致农民预期起义成本的降低,当这种预期成本下降到一定水平后,农民集团会采取有效的集团行动并转向对新的政治体制的寻求,最终完成朝代的更替。这一过程可以运用经济学的基本理论,并建立适当模型,从而对中国社会特有的王朝更替现象进行解释。     

中国企业职工养老保险替代率的实证研究——基于缴费确定型企业年金与基本养老金的对比分析

替代率是企业养老保险方案设计的关键参数,也是政府制定社会养老决策的关键因素之一.企业年金是多支柱养老保险体系的重要组成部分,关系到中国未来养老体系的健康发展.对养老保险替代率的研究发现,基本养老镏金与企业年金对参与人的经济影响并不确定,因此,制定养老金政策须考虑相关的限制条件,政策倾向应有所差异和侧重,以保证政策目标的实现.     

An indirect comparison,via enoxaparin,of rivaroxaban with dabigatran in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee replacement

Abstract

Objective:

To compare the efficacy, in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and safety, of rivaroxaban and dabigatran relative to the common comparator enoxaparin.

Methods:

Two randomized clinical trials of dabigatran, one after total hip replacement (THR), RE-NOVATE, and one after total knee replacement (TKR), RE-MODEL, were identified as using the same enoxaparin regimen (40?mg once daily given the evening before surgery) and being of comparable duration to two rivaroxaban trials, RECORD1 and RECORD3. Indirect comparisons were performed on both efficacy and safety endpoints. To enable comparisons, symptomatic VTE results were based on the total study duration period, i.e. including the follow-up period. Major bleeding included surgical-site bleeding events.

Results:

After THR, rivaroxaban 10?mg once daily significantly reduced total VTE and symptomatic VTE relative to dabigatran 220?mg once daily (relative risk 0.34 and 0.19, respectively). After TKR, rivaroxaban significantly reduced total VTE versus dabigatran (relative risk 0.53); symptomatic VTE was not different between dabigatran and rivaroxaban. There was no significant difference in the rates of major bleeding for patients receiving rivaroxaban or dabigatran.

Conclusions:

Based on the indirect comparisons, rivaroxaban was estimated to be more efficacious than dabigatran in the prevention of total VTE after THR and TKR. Our analysis relied upon published data for dabigatran and did not have the advantages of more detailed comparative data obtained directly from a randomized trial, as was the case with rivaroxaban. Further comparative research may be of value, but until available our conclusions represent the best available evidence.     

中小民营企业融资创新研究：融资路径依赖与内生性契约构建

中小民营企业融资难问题的实质是中小民营企业不能在较高层次的货币市场和资本市场上如愿地获得资金支持。目前解决中小民营企业融资难问题的关键在于,创新金融制度安排,构建一种能够使外部投资者与中小民营企业建立起横向信用联系的内生性融资契约。在我国既有的金融契约框架下,通过适当的融资结构设计和制度安排,信托私募融资能够最小化中小民营企业融资的代理成本和信息成本,从而使中小民营企业能够沿着既有的融资路径有效地获得所需的资金。     

基于“家电以旧换新”回收数据评估电子废物产生量估算方法

比较了基于史坦福(Stanford)模型和保有量系数法对我国电子废物产生量的预测,并与中国家电以旧换新活动试点区域的实际回收统计数据进行对比,结果显示除电视机以外,两种估计方法的预测结果都显著高于以旧换新的实际回收数据.其原因首先是产品废弃量的变化深受产品技术变化影响,平板显示技术的快速普及导致CRT电视机废弃量出现短期激增,成为“家电以旧换新”实际回收品的主体,而洗衣机、电冰箱等传统大家电的产品实际使用寿命相对较长;其次是废旧产品回收面临非正式回收部门的竞争,以旧换新以较高的政府补贴引导一定数量的废弃产品流向正规处理企业,但还有相当数量的废旧产品流入了非正式的翻新加工和二手销售渠道.特别是空调和电脑,家庭消费占总消费量的比重较小,产品废弃后的材料回收价值和翻新维修价值都较高,补贴对提升回收量的影响相对较小;最后不同区域之间,预测结果与实际回收情况对比也存在明显的差别.考虑到家电以旧挟新政策停止以后,新颁布实施的废弃电器电子产品回收处理基金的补助力度大幅下降,有资质的回收处理企业重新陷入发展困境.有必要遵循生产者责任延伸制度的原则,积极鼓励扩大生产者的参与,从产品设计和废弃产品回收的逆向物流两方面提高回收利用系统的效率.同时,合理规划再生处理设施的区位和处理规模,需要根据区域和产品特点,对现有预测方法进行优化调整.