IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT OR ENDURING A STRIKE: THE CHOICE OF SIGNALS

Some labour contract negotiations involve strikes while most conclude with immediate settlement. This article offers a model of union‐firm negotiation with private information to show that either strikes or immediate settlement will take place in the equilibrium. Different from most signalling literature where the signals are exogenously given, this article endogenizes the choice of signals. We compare two signals, the employment level and the strategic delay. We show that the low‐revenue firm will choose the signal which gives it higher payoff while separating itself from the high‐revenue firm.     

On post-IPO stock price performance: A comparative analysis of RLBOs and IPOs

This is the first study to examine the post-IPO stock price performance by differentiating between IPOs and three types of RLBOs (i.e. public-to-private (or re-IPOs), division-to-private, and private-to-private deals). We document that public-to-private RLBOs outperform their industry rivals, IPOs, mature firms in comparable industries, and a propensity-score matched control group for up to five years post-offering. Further, we document that, within RLBOs, public-to-private RLBOs, outperform private-to-private and division-to-private RLBOs. We also find support for the underwriter signaling effect for public-to-private RLBOs. Our analysis identifies for the first time what private period restructuring activities contribute to superior post-re-IPO stock price performance. Further, the beneficial effects of private period restructurings are enhanced for deals associated with prestigious underwriters. Our findings suggest that first IPOs and re-IPOs differ substantially in term of post-offer performance, the impact of prestigious underwriters on performance, and performance over time.     

Greenwashing Revisited: In Search of a Typology and Accusation‐Based Definition Incorporating Legitimacy Strategies

Is greenwashing a concept describing companies using misleading communication or is it co‐constructed in the eye of the beholder? By discussing the literature, we find that existing definitions of greenwashing overemphasize the strategic intention to mislead and do not incorporate unjust allegations. Then, by combining signaling theory with legitimacy theory, we frame the communication process of the greenwashing accusation and the emergence of a negative narrative caused by the accusation and its effect on legitimacy. Hence, in this paper we argue that greenwashing epistemologically is constituted in the eye of the beholder , depending on an external accusation. Following this view, the greenwashing accusation is understood as a distortion factor altering the signal reliability of green messages. Based on our conceptual analysis, we provide a conceptual framework introducing a new typology of case‐based greenwashing (greenwashing , false greenwashing , potential greenwashing and no greenwashing ) and the effects of these types on corporate legitimacy. Finally, we propose a revised definition of greenwashing as co‐creation of an external accusation toward an organization with regard to presenting a misleading green message. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

大型零售商收取通道费合理吗?——来自信号传递模型的解释

文章对通道费的相关理论进行了总结,并通过一个包含批发价格和通道费的信号传递模型,分析了非对称信息下通道费的渠道结构优化机制。在零售商的销售成本充分高的情况下,通道费构成了不完全信息动态博弈中剔除劣战略均衡的合约安排的必要条件,能够有效地区别高市场需求和低市场需求的制造商。因此,通道费并不必然是零售商滥用市场势力的工具,在众多的情况下通道费为合理配置货架空间,优化商品流通渠道,以及调整制造商的产品结构提供了有效的信息甄别工具。     

政府会计的逆向选择模型分析

作为国家进行公共财政管理、提高财政透明度的有力手段,政府会计已经日益受到政府和相关人士的重视,但人们的注意似乎都集中在如何建立完善的政府会计体系上,对于"为什么要建立政府会计体系"这一基本的理论却研究很少。本文就以博弈论为理论出发点,建立了政府与纳税人之间的逆向选择模型,讨论了政府和纳税人之间在信息不对称情况下将出现的逆向选择问题,针对这一问题提出两个解决方法——信号传递和信号甄别,结合这两种方法,得出"无论是政府还是纳税人,都对建立完善的政府会计体系有更高的要求"的结论,于是,政府会计才会应运而生。本文试图从博弈论的角度论证政府会计之所以存在的依据。     

证券投资基金中的委托代理问题

从分析证券投资基金的委托代理关系入手 ,讨论了由于基金存在两级契约安排所引起的逆选择和道德风险问题 ,提出只有设计一系列制度安排以减少信息成本和激励成本 ,投资基金才能凭借其特有的优势 ,发挥出集合投资、分散风险、专家理财、企业监控的功能。具体探讨了第一、第二级契约安排中的委托代理问题。     

考虑声誉效应的科技服务业与制造企业合作创新行为策略分析

采用博弈论的方法,考虑声誉效应对博弈双方效用、策略的影响,建立信号博弈模型,并分析精炼贝叶斯均衡,证明声誉水平、对声誉的态度以及技术市场价值的高低是影响建立合作关系的重要因素。探讨双方建立合作关系的行为策略,提出实现合作达成双赢的建议。     

Entrepreneurial beacons: The Yale endowment,run‐ups,and the growth of venture capital

Research summary : This article investigates the social context of entrepreneurship in organizational sectors. Prior research suggests that firm foundings are driven by collective patterns of activity—such as patterns of prior foundings in a given sector. Building on research on social salience and signals, we consider the influence of singular sector‐level triggers, which we call entrepreneurial beacons. We argue that the actions or outcomes of single, salient organizations attract and motivate entrepreneurs, thus increasing the rate of foundings. We test this logic by examining the impact of the Y ale U niversity endowment's investment choices and of venture‐capital‐backed IPO run‐ups on venture‐capital foundings between 1984 and 2011. We find support for the existence and influence of beacons and outline boundary conditions for their effects . Managerial summary : What leads entrepreneurs to found new companies in nascent sectors? In contrast to prior research, which emphasizes patterns of activity, we argue that entrepreneurial activity can sometimes be driven by the actions of a singular trigger—what we call an entrepreneurial beacon. We examine the influence of two such beacons, Y ale U niversity's endowment investments and exceptional venture‐capital‐backed IPO run‐ups, on the founding of new venture‐capital firms over a 28‐year period. We find that Y ale's increased allocations to the venture‐capital asset‐class has a significant influence on the founding of new venture‐capital firms, while exceptional venture‐capital‐backed IPO run‐ups only influence venture‐capital foundings under certain conditions. Overall, we offer an explanation for heretofore anecdotal accounts of certain organizations or events that appear to have an outsized influence on entrepreneurial activity . Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Firm‐specific human capital investments as a signal of general value: Revisiting assumptions about human capital and how it is managed

Research summary : Prior scholarship has assumed that firm‐specific and general human capital can be analyzed separately. This article argues that, in some settings, this is not the case because prior firm‐specific human capital investments can be a market signal of an individual's willingness and ability to make such investments in the future. As such, the willingness and ability to make firm‐specific investments is a type of general human capital that links firm‐specific and general human capital in important ways. The article develops theory about these investments, market signals, and value appropriation. Then, the article examines implications for human resource management and several important questions in the field of strategic management, including theories of the firm and microfoundations of competitive advantage. Managerial summary : While managers don't often use the terms firm‐specific and general skills, they certainly recognize that investments employees make in their skill sets are more or less relevant to a specific firm. For instance, investing in specific relationships within a firm or learning a firm's proprietary software would be considered firm‐specific investments. While such skills may seem relevant only to the particular firm in which they were invested, these investments may also send valuable signals to competing firms that such employees are willing and able to make similar investments elsewhere. Hence, managers should be interested in determining if a potential hire has made prior firm‐specific investments to help them know whether that person might be likely to make such investments in his or her future place of employment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

财务重述与审计师变更——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文以2003--2011年我国主板上市公司为样本，从市场声誉和信号传递的角度，对上市公司财务重述与审计师变更问题予以分析和解答。本文研究结果显示，相比于非财务重述公司而言，财务重述公司更可能变更审计师，且变更概率与重述的严重程度显著正相关，此外，就变更审计师的公司而言，财务重述公司比非重述公司更可能从小所变更为大所或在平级所之间进行变更。在此研究基础上，本文提出相应的政策建议。