中国能源补贴政策形成和出口产品竞争优势的关系研究

本文研究中国能源补贴政策对提高中国出口产品竞争力的作用机理,并对出口产品能源补贴载量进行实证分析。我们认为,中国能源补贴政策经历了能源要素的政策性低价、价格粘性和权衡产品竞争力与贸易条件三个阶段,能源要素价值低估成为提高我国出口产品竞争优势的重要因素之一,实证结果表明:中国是一个能源出口大国,出口结构中多以高能耗产品为主,全部能源补贴中约有10%通过出口产品净补贴给国外消费者,呈现出巨大外贸顺差和严重生态逆差并存的悖论。     

The economic cost of fuel subsidies in Ghana

Apart from fuel subsidies failing to provide the greatest benefits to the poor, they create overconsumption, market inefficiencies and negative environmental and social externalities. This study extended the comprehensive Harberger formula for deadweight loss (DWL) to account for the cross-price substitution effects between the gasoline and diesel markets, estimated the own-price and cross-price elasticities for gasoline and diesel in Africa, and predicted the DWL or economic cost created by gasoline and diesel subsidies in Ghana. Using the simple Harberger formula yields DWL estimates ranging from GHS 2.03 to 8.58 million per year from 2009 to 2014, but accounting for cross-price effects reduces the DWL estimates, from GHS 1.53 to 7.55 million per year, over the same period. However, because fuel demand is highly price inelastic, the DWL created for every GHS 1 million spent on gasoline and diesel subsidies only represents between 0.5% and 2% of subsidy expenditures. These findings suggest that fuel subsidy reforms would be better motivated by other social problems associated with fuel subsidies, such as the ineffective targeting of such subsidies to poorer consumers and the negative externalities of overconsumption, rather than the economic inefficiencies that fuel subsidies generate.     

The national innovation policy effect according to firm location

The regional nature of innovation and innovation policy was investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether the specific economic and institutional conditions of a region had an influence on the results of a national policy intended to support entrepreneurial innovation. The analysis compared the effect of the national R&D subsidies on the innovation effort of firms located in central regions, which concentrate an important percentage of the national innovation activity, together with those firms located in periphery regions. Significant regional differences were detected with regard to the national R&D subsidies’ effect and distribution. The central regions manifested a higher subsidy effect compared to the periphery regions. The results of this study have allowed us to conclude that the region plays an important differentiating role in connection with the final result of the innovation policy aimed at the entire national territory. Therefore, this study recommends including the geographical location of the firm in future evaluations.     

市场失灵、保费补贴与农业保险发展

研究显示,系统性的巨灾风险、模糊的产品属性、外部性的逆向激励、逆向选择与道德风险以及额外的垄断寻租是造成我国农业保险市场失灵的主要原因。财政补贴作为纠正市场失灵的一项可行性方案,在刺激和激励农业保险发展的同时,也存在一些诸如逆向激励、财政负担、福利边界及精算费率等问题需要解决。     

哈尔滨市农业保险发展对策研究

近年来,哈尔滨市自然灾害频繁发生,严重阻碍了农村经济的发展。在对哈尔滨市农业保险市场调查的基础上,阐述了哈尔滨市发展农业保险的必然性,分析了哈尔滨市农业保险发展的现状,剖析了哈尔滨市农业保险发展中存在的问题及原因,提出了推进哈尔滨市农业保险发展的对策建议,旨在为促进哈尔滨市农业保险健康发展提供依据。     

Legacy sectors: barriers to global innovation in agriculture and energy

The US national innovation system has a dual structure: part suited to rapid innovation, and part stubbornly resistant to change. The complex, established ‘Legacy sectors’ that resist change, particularly disruptive innovation, share common features that obstruct the market launch of innovations, over and above the ‘valley of death’ and other obstacles that have been the traditional focus of innovation policy. Innovations in Legacy sectors must penetrate a well-established and well-defended technological/economic/political/social paradigm that favours existing technology, characterised by (1) ‘perverse’ subsidies and price structures that create a mismatch between the incentives of producers and broader social goals, such as environmental sustainability, public health and safety, and geopolitical security; (2) established infrastructure and institutional architecture that imposes regulatory hurdles or other disadvantages to new entrants (3) market imperfections beyond those faced by other innovations: network economies, lumpiness, economies of scale, split incentives, needs for collective action, and transaction costs (4) politically powerful vested interests, reinforced by public support, that defend the paradigm and resist innovations that threaten their business models (5) public habits and expectations attuned to existing technology and (6) an established knowledge and human resources structure adapted to its needs. Beyond these obstacles, more socially desirable technologies that are driven by environmental or other non-market considerations must overcome the lack of agreed replacement standards against which putative alternatives can be judged. We have developed a new, integrative analytic framework for categorising the obstacles to market launch faced by Legacy sectors, and earlier applied this method to energy, health delivery, the long-distance electric grid, building, and air transport. In energy especially, the requirement for innovation is sufficiently urgent that large-scale domestic and collaborative international research should take place even at the cost of possible competitive disadvantage and even if it is some time before the USA adopts carbon charges and thereby puts pressure on the prevailing paradigm of fossil fuel use. We now extend this method to sustainable agriculture. American paradigms in agriculture and in energy are exported worldwide, delaying the development and spread of needed innovations that are not consistent with them. Foreign manufacturers wishing to enter US markets must suit their products in these sectors to American paradigms, while American exports of technology may be insufficiently cost conscious or respectful of environmental sustainability. Developing countries are technology takers and suffer from asymmetric innovative capability. They need to choose sources of technology best suited to their situation. India and China constitute new competitive threats, but also represent ‘innovative developing countries’ that have large domestic markets in which they are launching innovations aimed at their lower income populations.     

住房补贴:从模糊到清晰

住房补贴是一种具有社会保障性质的用于解决低收入或贫因家庭基本居住条件的政府财政补贴。住房补贴理论模型，住房制度改革主要阶段中住房补贴的不同涵义。对巳实施的住房“补贴”和住房分配货币化的新解释。     

研发补助影响企业价值的规模差异

研发补助通过两种路径影响企业价值,不同规模企业融资实力、财务约束的差异导致补助影响企业价值效果的差异。本文利用上市公司2007～2009年的数据,以股票回报率、财务业绩和市场价值作为企业价值的代理,对研发补助影响企业价值的效果及其规模差异进行了检验。发现补助并不能显著增加企业价值,但中小企业的研发补助显著增加了企业价值,对补助的负作用有显著抑制作用。本文的结论为评价和改进我国补助政策、设立中小企业创新基金提供了重要证据。     

The effects of state-subsidised housing on poverty in Cape Town

Property rights are widely thought to have considerable direct and indirect effects on urban poverty. However, few studies have been conducted and the evidence supporting these claims is scarce, especially in Southern Africa. This article examines effects of property rights in South Africa through a case study of subsidised housing for poor people in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. A difference-in-differences estimation strategy is employed. Results show that housing subsidies are associated with better physical health and (counter-intuitively) more teenage pregnancies. Improvement in health is attributed to better housing quality and environment while increase in teenage pregnancies is attributed to increased privacy. Effects of titling extend to social effects, which have been understudied in the literature. Since titling showed no effect by most measures, it is likely that poverty is driven so strongly by factors such as unemployment and poor location of housing projects that property rights make little overall difference to poverty.