美、德、英三国医药领域技术转移中介组织及其运作机制研究

技术中介组织是促进医药领域科技成果直接进入流通领域,参与市场交换并加速转化的重要中间环节。通过对美国、德国和英国三国的医药领域技术中介组织比较考察和细致分析,可以发现它们相似的模式,背后遵循着共同的内在规律,即科技中介组织在科技与经济、政府与科技之间建立起了有效的联系渠道。借鉴三国经验,中国医药科技中介组织建设宜遵循专业化、综合化、规范化和市场化的发展思路。     

转变思维方式 推动改革开放

以转变思维方式来推动改革开放的发展,是我国改革开放30年形成的一条重要经验。在改革开放的30年里．我们党根据实践发展的需要,不断转变思维方式,正确处理了经济社会发展中的一系列重大关系,取得了改革开放的伟大成就。在新的历史起点上,我们党按照科学的思维方式继续深化改革开放,必将取得发展中国特色社会主义事业的更大胜利。     

甘肃农村居民消费：问题及对策建议

甘肃农村居民消费主要存在三个问题：一是农村居民消费在整个居民消费当中所占的比重一直处于下降状态;二是城乡居民消费水平差距越来越大;三是农村居民消费对于经济增长的贡献从1996年开始一直是处于下降状态。扩大甘肃农村居民消费主要应从以下几方面着手：一是以财政支出为突破口,引导社会资本投资于新农村建设;二是尽快建立与健全农村物价监控体系;三是加快农村剩余劳动力向城镇转移的速度;四是通过多种途径,促进农民增收,从而提高农村居民消费。     

Localism and the Big Society: the asset transfer of leisure centres and libraries – fighting closures or empowering communities?

This paper critically examines the ‘asset transfer’ of leisure services from the public to the voluntary sector. Asset transfer might be theorised as ‘austerity localism’, in which volunteers are obliged to fill the gaps left by retreating public provision, or as ‘progressive localism’, which represents new opportunities through the localism and Big Society agendas to develop more locally responsive, cooperative and mutualist visions. In this way, asset transfer might overcome the limitations of the United Kingdom policies in which ‘Big Government’ is replaced by civic society. Drawing on qualitative interviews with key personnel (volunteers, managers and local authority officers) at 12 leisure facilities, a grounded assessment of the nuanced balance between ‘austerity localism’ and ‘progressive localism’ is provided, including three observations. First, the main impetus for transfer was cuts in local authority budgets which stimulated the emergence of local groups of volunteers. Secondly, the transfers themselves required interaction between local government and the volunteer groups; however, the nature of the relationship and support given varied and support was limited by austerity measures. Thirdly, volunteers do not automatically fill a gap left by the state: without support transfer viability relies on the financial and social capital among volunteer groups, and this is unevenly distributed. These findings suggest that the capacity for a ‘progressive localism’ to emerge through asset transfer is limited. However, where transfer has occurred, there are some progressive benefits of volunteer empowerment and a more flexible service.     

政府间转移支付:国际经验借鉴与启示

我国政府间转移支付滞后于社会和经济发展的需要,使其效果深受影响.科学的政府间转移支付制度是市场经济体制具备完善性的必要条件.目前,在完善的市场经济体制国家中,已形成了构建政府间转移支付的一般作法.其中,具有代表性的国家为美国、德国与日本.总结这三个国家所积累的经验,比较我国政府间转移支付的现状,对增强我国政府间转移支付的科学性具有重要启示,从而有利于我国市场经济体制的完善与和谐社会的构建.     

海产品贸易的环境成本内部化

在国际市场上,低价出售的农产品常常被发达国家以生态倾销的名义征收反倾销税,理由是这类产品对环境所造成的破坏和影响没有计算到产品的成本中。或者说,这类产品的低价位不是技术进步的结果,而是通过牺牲环境为代价换来的。如何将产品的外部成本内化为产品的成本呢?本文以海产品为例提出一些核算方法,即排污权转让法、环境要素差距分析法以及综合分析法。     

美国未行使成果转化“介入权”的四个案例

为推动科技成果转化,美国《拜杜法案》规定了"介入权"条款。几十年来,美国出现过4个申请强制科技成果转化的案例,但美国职能部门都认为不满足法律规定的条件,因而没有行使"介入权"。根据"介入权"条款,对Fabrazyme、CellPro、Norvir及Xalatan 4个案例进行了分析和研究,并对"介入权"条款的执行情况进行了评价。美国"介入权"强制成果转化的条款形同虚设,其原因主要有:资助部门认为该条款可能影响研究人员参与政府科技项目的积极性;"介入权"程序较为复杂,调查取证需要较长时间,使之难以实施;所涉及的成果往往不只是获得政府一个部门的资助,还获得其他方面的经费,导致"介入权"的行使更加复杂、困难。     

信用衍生品的信用风险转移对金融稳定性的影响

银行信用风险转移激励与监管当局提高金融稳定性的目标是一致的,监管当局应该通过鼓励金融机构之间的总信用风险转移,使得信用风险转移的收益最大化;研究还发现,随着跨部门之间信用风险转移的出现,为了使得个体激励与提高信用风险管理中金融机构稳定性的社会目标相一致,应该鼓励部门之间的差异化监管。     

知识型服务业国际转移趋势与中国承接对策

近年来,以美国为代表的发达国家知识型服务业向具有智力人才优势的新兴市场国家转移的新浪潮正在兴起,标志着经济全球化进入了新的发展阶段.目前我国知识型服务业基本上还处于发展的起步阶段,但同时也存在着巨大的发展潜力,面临着承接国外转移的良好机遇.当前要站在国家产业发展的战略高度来充分认识承接知识型服务业国际转移的重要性和迫切性,并采取积极有效措施来迎接这轮新的全球产业布局调整.     

Organization,technology and management innovations through acquisition in China’s pork value chains: The case of the Smithfield acquisition by Shuanghui

This paper reviews the changes in Shuanghui’s operations after the Smithfield acquisition as well as transformations in China’s pork industries. As income grows and diets change, there has been an increasing demand for high-quality pork and more processed pork products. However, China’s swine and pork industries are still at an early stage of development as evidenced by the low market concentration, intensive use of labour, a proliferation of intermediaries, and low levels of technology. Bounded by the established consumer preferences for freshness and the status quo in the midstream and upstream segments, Shuanghui is in a slow process of upgrading its domestic operations with Smithfield’s leading brands, import of chilled and frozen pork, advanced technologies, and the vertically integrated business model after this acquisition. In particular, it remains unclear whether Shuanghui can follow Smithfield’s experience to establish stable and safe hog supplies by multiplying self-owned hog farms, maintain and expand its current contracts with large-scale commercial hog farms, or rely more on global sourcing of pork primarily from the U.S.