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91.
This study investigates the progress of container port system development in South China, focusing particularly on the interplay between Hong Kong and the other ports in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. After identifying the downgrading trend of Hong Kong from a transshipment hub port for Asia and for China as a whole to a regional load center and the emergence of other deep-sea direct-service ports, the paper looks into the causes of this structural change of the port system. Four major causes are identified: the cost-base competition, the impact of the unique “one-country two-systems” policy, the impact of globalization and container standardization, and the impact of multi-modal accessibility and connectivity. The paper reveals that the interplay between different governments and between the governments and port operators are the local mechanisms that together as a whole respond to the shippers’ needs and the shipping lines’ pressure. It confirms that the interdependencies and competitive relations between terminals are being played out at a regional level. While the particular situation of the PRD is unique in many regards, the features emerging there, with its dominant hub, its network of feeder ports and its emerging direct-service non-hub terminals, are being replicated elsewhere. 相似文献
92.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of air services dynamics during the recent economic crisis. Through a regression analysis, we show that at the country scale, the change in the supply of seats is highly dependent on economic growth, confirming the cyclical nature of the air sector. Hence the crisis of air services has much more affected the USA, Europe and Japan than the rest of the world. However, many countries deviate from this general trend. In a second step, using the existing literature, we explain some of these deviating figures. National specificities and airline strategies seem to influence the intensity of the crisis. We argue that the intensity of the crisis in the US is due to the structural oversupply of the air sector. Through other cases, especially the Middle East, we show that hubbing strategies might reduce the impact of the crisis, or at least make it less dependent upon local economic dynamics. In contrast with other authors, we found no positive impact of the share of low-cost carriers on the supply during the crisis, despite their success in some specific contexts like between Europe and Morocco. 相似文献
93.
集装箱运输作为货物运输的主要方式之一,由于其运输和换装的便利性,近些年来在我国得到越来越多的关注和较快的发展。文中分析了我国集装箱运输物流整体状况,并着重对铁路集装箱运输物流发展进行了分析,提出了合理的发展建议。 相似文献
94.
针对保障电厂用煤安全这一关系生产生活用电的重大问题,从标准运输问题模型出发,结合电力企业的实际情况,将多目标运输模型应用于煤炭运输问题,并针对接近或达到饱和的线路设定运力限制约束条件,建立运力限制下的多目标运输模型。通过实例分析运用Lingo软件对模型进行求解,验证了模型在解决运输能力限制条件下煤炭物流路径选择中的应用性,可为电力企业制定或优化煤炭调运方案提供依据。 相似文献
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97.
Clifford Winston 《Fiscal Studies》2000,21(4):403-425
This paper assesses governmental performance in its investment, provision and regulation of urban transportation. Attention is given to public bus and rail transit and road transportation. Evidence based on urban transport in US cities reveals substantial allocative and technical inefficiencies that have led to large public transit deficits and severe highway congestion. I argue that it is futile to expect public officials to remedy the situation by pursuing more efficient policies such as congestion pricing and weighing costs and benefits when deciding transit service. The problem is that urban transportation policy is largely shaped by entrenched political forces that inhibit constructive change. The only realistic way to improve the system is to shield it from those influences and expose it to market forces by privatising it. This position is supported by empirical evidence based on simulations for the US and the UK's early experience with privatisation. 相似文献
98.
Current road safety programs and thinking in Australia are constructed within a paradigm that tends to accept existing cultural arrangements. Such programs therefore, favour symptomatic solutions and technical and/or physical solutions as a way forward. Fundamental redesign of cultural arrangements is necessary in order to challenge the “culture of speed”. Our research is developing a holistic, social ecological model for reconnecting road safety with communities that value quality of life and slower ways of being. Improving road safety through reduction in the volume and speed of motorised traffic is integrally related to enhancing health and fitness, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving neighbourhood planning and community cohesion. In this regard, community-based travel behaviour change initiatives are deserving of much greater attention in the road safety area. As well as these changes at the personal and community scale, policy changes to urban and transport planning that address the broader issues of sustainability in an era of climate change and peak oil can also be linked to improvements in road safety. 相似文献
99.
100.
Road Transport Externalities 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
During the last decade much progress has been made in defining & measuring the external costs of transport. As the cost of
tolling equipment falls, the set of realistic policy options to internalise these externalities will continue to grow. This
will determine the research and policy agenda. We make three points. Firstly, empirical work is still necessary to better
identify marginal external costs, including congestion, accident and environmental costs. Secondly, any assessment of policy
options should treat externalities simultaneously. The use of pricing instruments and emissions standards are discussed within
this framework. Thirdly, we emphasise the role of government. Designing the optimal road-pricing institutions requires consideration
of horizontal and vertical tax competition, while double-dividend arguments are central to the question of securing public
support. 相似文献