LABOUR SUPPLY ESTIMATION AND PUBLIC POLICY

Abstract. Economists devote considerable energies towards refining their econometric techniques to overcome difficulties connected with conducting empirical research. Despite advances in technique. it is not clear whether further refinement in this direction is worthwhile for policy purposes. It may be that no further amount of statistical adjustment of inadequate data will increase understanding, and that better data is simply necessary to add to our knowledge. But rarely is sufficient credit paid to new forms of data. In short, econometric technique is emphasized to the neglect of data innovation, as if new data were merely lying about waiting for an ingenious suggestion for use. This paper surveys advances of the last twenty five years in estimating labour supply for policy purposes with a view towards appreciating the relative contribution of both improvements in econometric technique as well as developments of new data.
After briefly detailing the key parameters which economists have sought to estimate, we describe the early 'first generation' research (circa 1970), which is plagued by problems of unobservable variables, measurement errors, truncation and selectivity bias, and non linear budget constraints. 'Second generation' research constitute attempts to resolve one or more of these difficulties, and the respective contribution of econometric technique and new data is acknowledged and assessed, including the contribution of data generated by large scale social experiments in which participants are randomly assigned to different guaranteed income plans and their labour supply behaviour measured.     

The Robustness of the APT to Alternative Estimators

We test the robustness of the APT to two alternative estimation procedures: the Fama and MacBeth (1973) two-step methodology; and the one-step procedure due to Burmeister and McElroy (1988). We find that the APT is indeed sensitive to the chosen estimator and assumptions about the factor structure of stock returns. We believe that our findings have implications for the estimation of asset pricing models in general.     

政府在耕地减少中的责任和在耕地保护中的作为

集成曲线估计模型和灰色数列模型,研究耕地总量在1983-2006年间的变化过程以及在2010～2020年间的变化态势,分析政府行为在耕地总量减少中的责任和在保护耕地中的作为.研究结果:2020年耕地总量可能低于新的耕地红线,政府对耕地减少负有不可推卸的责任.     

推定征税的权义结构分析

推定征税具有保障国家财政收入、税收公平的合理性,也有被滥用,从而侵害纳税人权益的危险。分析推定课税的权义结构,可厘清税务机关和纳税人双方在其中的职权与职责、权利与义务,并通过纳税人协助义务、税务机关推定征税权和纳税人异议权的相互制约和激励,以达成推定征税的正当与合理适用。     

North–South terms‐of‐trade trends from 1960 to 2006

The composition of exports of developing countries is increasingly dominated by manufactured goods. This has not changed the fact that their major trading partners continue to be the developed countries. In order to properly assess the distribution of gains from trade, there is a pressing need to analyze the movements in the terms of trade of developing countries with respect to the developed ones. A statistical analysis of the North–South terms of trade reveals that the terms of trade have turned against the South since the 1960s. However, the terms‐of‐trade deterioration is neither continuous nor evenly distributed over different country groupings. The existence of a structural break in the mid‐to‐late 1970s together with the greatest adverse terms‐of‐trade movements against the highly indebted and least developed countries attest the discontinuity and unevenness of this process.     

相关信噪比对天线组阵相位估计性能的影响

传统天线组阵理论为了简化分析,均假设反正切相位鉴别器是一种最大似然估计器,其估计方差能够达到克拉美-罗下界。然而当相关信噪比在中等值以下时,这一假设条件不再适用。为此,分析了相关信噪比对相位估计性能的影响。针对传统天线组阵合成性能分析方法在描述低相关信噪比条件下相位估计性能方面存在的问题,通过引入修正因子,得到了相位估计方差的理论公式,实现了对低相关信噪比条件下相位估计性能的准确描述。     

混合地理加权回归模型的拟合及相关性检验

利用两步估计方法对混合地理加权回归模型进行拟合,运用Moran's检验方法探索误差项的空间相关性。     

Estimators for the common principal components model based on reweighting: influence functions and Monte Carlo study

The common principal components model for several groups of multivariate observations is a useful parsimonious model for the scatter structure which assumes equal principal axes but different variances along those axes for each group. Due to the lack of resistance of the classical maximum likelihood estimators for the parameters of this model, several robust estimators have been proposed in the literature: plug-in estimators and projection-pursuit (PP) type estimators. In this paper, we show that it is possible to improve the low efficiency of the projection-pursuit estimators by applying a reweighting step. More precisely, we consider plug-in estimators obtained by plugging a reweighted estimator of the scatter matrices into the maximum likelihood equations defining the principal axes. The weights considered penalize observations with large values of the influence measures defined by Boente et al. (2002). The new estimators are studied in terms of theoretical properties (influence functions and asymptotic variances) and are compared with other existing estimators in a simulation study.     

贝叶斯方法在二维目标定位中的应用

本文对如何运用贝叶斯方法,以一维方式采集资料,进行二维目标定位作了一些探讨。实验中,运用光电计测定出发射和接收红外二极管的模式,通过分析建立起物体的二维模型方程,然后运用贝叶斯方法,估计出物体在坐标中的水平位置和垂直距离。进而验证了这种基于贝叶斯方法的二维物体定位算法。这为以后研制具有较强实用性的地雷探测仪或者是其它的不方便进入目标区域情况下的应用提供了方法上的依据。     

长江经济带乡村生态韧性测度及影响因素研究

[目的]测度和评价长江经济带的乡村生态韧性,实证检验其影响因素,为维持全流域乡村地域系统稳定性和可持续性、全面推进乡村振兴提供科学依据。[方法]文章采用生态足迹模型、泰尔指数、核密度估计等方法对2010—2019年长江经济带11个省市的乡村生态韧性进行测度和评价,运用PCSE、FGLS方法实证检验了长江经济带乡村生态韧性的影响因素。[结果]（1）在时序演变上,长江经济带的乡村生态韧性有所下降,乡村生态韧性均值从2010年的0.215下降到2019年的0.200;(2)在区域分异特征上,长江经济带乡村生态韧性并未出现明显极化现象,但各地区乡村生态韧性总体差距呈现出扩大趋势,且上游、中游和下游不同流域段之间的差距是导致全流域各地区乡村生态韧性差异的主要原因;（3）在空间格局上,全流域呈现出上游、中游、下游梯度下降态势,且空间演进呈现“东北—西南”格局,总体上空间布局的演变较小;（4）影响因素发现,农村信息化、财政支农与长江经济带的乡村生态韧性呈正相关关系,而农村经济增长、农村人力资本、城镇化发展与乡村生态韧性呈负相关。[结论]建议以推进乡村经济多元化、生态化发展,构建合理的留才引才机制,深化数字乡村建设,推进绿色城镇化,构建城乡环境共同体,健全以绿色生态为导向的财政支农政策体系以提高长江经济带乡村生态韧性。