Canadian and American Reactions to Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs in the Workplace

We investigated U.S. and Canadian reactions to workplace drug and alcohol testing programs. Canadian truck drivers (n = 183) deemed drug and alcohol testing policies less fair, and were less accepting of these policies, than their American counterparts (n = 153). We also compared the perspectives of recipients versus third-party observers with regard to their reactions to a drug testing program. Unlike the pattern observed among American observers, the responses by Canadian observers were highly similar to those of the recipients. Canadian observers were more inclined to file a formal protest regarding the implementation of a drug and alcohol testing program than were U.S. observers. The results also showed that procedural and interactional justice principles contributed to the program's fairness, acceptance, and lower levels of protest intentions in both Canada and the United States. We propose that scholars and practitioners can gain a better understanding of multinational reactions to drug and alcohol testing by considering not only cultural but also historical, social, political, and other environmental factors that can shape reactions to personnel practices.     

香料乙酸苄酯的合成和精制

根据原料、催化剂的不同,总结了香料乙酸苄酯多种合成和精制的方法以及生产的最佳工艺条件。乙酸苄酯的主要生产路线有:由苄氯和乙酸钠反应制取、由苄醇和乙酸酯化反应制取等;主要的催化剂有季铵盐、强酸性离子交换树脂、固体超强酸等。     

Advertising Bans, Monopoly, and Alcohol Demand: Testing for Substitution Effects using State Panel Data

Using a panel of 45 states for the period 1982–1997,this study analyzes the importance of severalrestrictive alcohol regulations, including advertising bans for billboards, bans of price advertising, state monopoly control of retail stores, and changes in the minimum legal drinking age. In contrast to previous research, the study allows for substitution among beverages as a response to a regulation that targets a specific beverage. A restrictive law that applies only to one beverage (or one form of advertising) can result in substitution toward other beverages (or non-banned media). Allowing for substitution means that the net effect on total alcohol consumption is uncertain, and must be determined empirically. The empirical results demonstrate that monopoly control of spirits reduces consumption of that beverage, and increases consumption of wine. The effect on beer is positive, but is not statistically significant. The net effect on total alcohol is significantly negative. Higher minimum legal drinking age laws have negative effects on beverage and total alcohol consumption. Bans of advertising do not reduce total alcohol consumption, which partly reflects substitution effects. The study thus demonstrates the possible unintended consequences of restrictive alcohol regulations.     

Why do public policy-makers ignore marketing and consumer research? A case study of policy-making for alcohol advertising

Public policy-makers have been noted to sometimes ignore marketing/consumer research, even when the policy issue clearly pertains to consumption markets. We embark to identify factors that may explain policy-makers’ limited attention to marketing/consumer research, especially in cases related to consumer affairs that may have public health implications. Empirically, we focus on policy-making around the advertising of alcohol products. Having been involved in this policy-making process in Finland, we elucidate the case through an introspective narrative. We find that the factors explaining policy-makers’ limited attention to marketing/consumer research range from the decision-making characteristics of policy-makers, through inconsistent definitions for key terminology, to the fear of over-generalizing certain theories of marketing/consumer research. Regarding the latter, a key issue in the present case was that public policy-makers were unconvinced about the generic marketing theory stating that in mature markets, advertising will not increase the total consumption demand of a product category.     

毛竹水溶性多糖提取工艺的优化及结构表征

采用响应面法优化毛竹水溶性多糖的提取工艺,分析其成分,并进行结构表征.研究结果表明,优化的毛竹多糖(BSP)提取条件为:料液比1:27(g/mL)、提取温度78℃、提取时间4 h,该条件下BSP提取率为(5.18±0.07)％,提取物中多糖含量为(72.14±0.02)％,糖醛酸含量为(9.76±0.03)％;BSP具...     

增塑剂醇的新选择——2-丙基庚醇

邻苯二甲酸二辛酯因安全性问题正迅速退出工业发达国家的增塑剂市场。作为替代产品，以2-丙基庚醇为主要原料的邻苯二甲酸二癸酯成为生产者一种可能的选择。文章介绍了这个品种的性能和2-丙基庚醇的生产方法，比较了几种常用增塑剂醇的技术经济情况，提出了行业发展建议。     

2-己酮糖的还原特性概述

2-已酮糖有四种同分异构体,分别是山梨糖、塔格糖、阿罗酮糖和果糖.酮糖被还原时理论上生成一对等量的差向异构体糖醇.果糖是人们最了解的典型的也是自然界中存在最普遍的2-已酮糖.本文从解析果糖的一些特性为切人点介绍2-已酮糖的一些共同的还原特性.     

高碳醇市场及其发展状况

概述了国内外高碳醇生产状况和市场应用情况，并对高碳醇及其衍生物的需求进行了展望。     

乙酸苄酯工艺改进的研究

本文从原料、设备、工艺操作几个方面对乙酸苄酯的生产进行了改进，降低了生产成本、提高了产品质量，使该产品能适应国际市场的需求。     

挪威酒精饮料税收制度改革及其启示

挪威在酒精饮料税收制度方面不但成功地进行了消费税改革,限制了酒精饮料消费,纠正了外部效应,而且还对酒精饮料包装开征了环境税,实施了专款专用政策,平衡酒精饮料消费的私人成本与社会成本,加大违章违法行为惩处力度,并在酒业领域实施专卖制度、许可证制度。这些改革使挪威的酒精饮料税收制度从以税收为基础向以控酒为基础转变,其改革的经验对我国酒精饮料税收制度改革也提供了值得借鉴之处。