Unilever's Latin American Strategy in Yellow Fats,Ice Cream and Teas

Abstract

The article investigates the interplay between the changes in the large corporate strategy of a multinational and changes in the business environment in Latin America. In its international expansion, Unilever has traditionally used a decentralized national responsive strategy where local subsidiaries develop their markets with a great degree of autonomy. In response to globalization, Unilever moved towards greater business coordination and a more focused approach in the nineties. The article examines the impact of this reorganization on the firm's regional strategy in Latin America. We examine the firm's strategy in three food categories: fat oils, ice cream and tea-based products. We conclude that Unilever continues to use a strategy of national responsiveness with no attempt to coordinate its experiences across the region.     

To push performance,check the leader’s power motive

The power motive, defined as the desire to impact the behavior and emotions of another person, has long been controversial. On one side, the exercise of power has been put forth as a fundamental human need greater in strength than the need to survive. On the other, it has been vilified for its potentially devastating consequences. We argue the latter view is distorted, and, by relying too heavily on it, we have come to misunderstand the essential nature of power and its use by leaders charged with driving performance. It is not the power motive that leads to corruption and tyranny, but rather how the power motive is channeled into behavior by other personality factors. Consequently, those charged with leader selection should place greater emphasis on how individuals with strong power motives differ in how they channel power. Doing so will support the selection of executives best equipped to deliver organizational performance.     

Effects of Export Duty Structure on the Performance of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry

This study examines the impact of the abatement of the export duty on the Malaysian palm oil industry performance. The simulation results show that the impact of reductions in the export duty rates and the impact of increases in the threshold prices on the Malaysian palm oil industry have the same impact but with different magnitudes. Even the simulated results indicate that the policy of further reductions in the Malaysian export duty will promote its positive effects on the local palm oil industry; however, the impact is shown to not be significant. The further reduction of the export tax is very constrained and believed to no longer be the most effective policy in enhancing the competitiveness of local palm oil industry in the future. Hence, policymakers have to be aware of the possibility that the reduction of the export tax may no longer be an effective sustainable approach in facilitating the development of Malaysian palm oil industry.     

基于干扰矩阵的高密WLAN场景下集中式功率控制

针对高密无线局域网（WLAN）场景中系统干扰严重导致吞吐量降低的问题,提出了一种集中式动态发射功率控制算法（CDTPC）。接入控制器（AC）依据接入点（AP）定时上报的信道扫描报告和邻居报告建立干扰矩阵,通过分析干扰矩阵确定干扰源AP集和覆盖漏洞AP集,并对干扰源AP和覆盖漏洞AP进行动态功率控制,在保障覆盖的情况下减小WLAN系统内干扰、提高网络整体吞吐量。仿真表明：在高密WLAN场景中,使用CDTPC算法进行功率控制前后各AP吞吐对量均有所提高,系统整体吞吐量提高了41.5%.     

认知网中感知时间和功率控制的联合优化机制

针对认知无线网中为了最大化认知用户的吞吐量问题,提出了一种感知时间和功率控制的联合优化机制。该机制保证认知系统在低于一定干扰限制下,将认知用户吞吐量描述成为一个多约束优化问题,从理论上分析了最优功率分配方案与最优感知时间分配方案。根据理论分析结果,设计了联合迭代机制通过确定合适的感知参数从而达到最大化认知用户吞吐量的目的。仿真结果表明：提出的联合优化机制复杂度较低,并且该方案的认知吞吐量性能最接近理论最优方案的性能。     

基于射频隐身的采样周期和辐射功率控制方法研究

为进一步提高雷达的射频隐身能力,合理分配相控阵雷达的工作参数,在目标跟踪时,对雷达的采样周期和辐射功率控制方法进行研究。首先,根据目标运动状态的不同,对雷达采样周期与辐射功率自适应设计方法进行分析,在满足系统跟踪性能要求的前提下,建立了控制参数的优化模型;然后,利用粒子群算法优化自适应采样周期和自适应辐射功率等参数,有效地降低了跟踪性能误差,提高了雷达系统的射频隐身性能。与传统的雷达采样周期和辐射功率算法进行了仿真比较,结果表明所提的算法取得了较好射频隐身效果。     

基于螺旋谐振环结构的UWB同步开关噪声抑制电源平面

针对目前印制电路板中采用的同步开关噪声抑制方法抑制带宽较窄、全向性较差、电源平面有效使用面积小、结构复杂及对信号质量影响大的问题,提出了一种基于螺旋谐振环结构的超宽带同步开关噪声抑制平面,具有结构简单、阻带宽、抑制方向具有全向性、无需周期性电磁带隙结构的特点。通过研究其等效电路模型,使用三维有限元法（FEM）对所设计的结构提取了S参数,并进行了频域与时域分析与仿真。仿真结果表明：所提出的结构其同步开关噪声抑制深度在-40 dB时,阻带范围为0.13~20 GHz,抑制带宽达到19.87 GHz,有效降低了带隙中心频率;当注入噪声电压为1 V时,可将噪声电压抑制到0.25 mV;对比UC-EBG和Planar EBG结构,在-40 dB抑制深度时,抑制带宽分别提高了16.97 GHz和17.73 GHz。     

From reviving tradition to fostering innovation and changing marketing: the evolution of micro-brewing in the UK and US, 1980–2012

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to explore and examine the impressive growth of small and micro-breweries registered in the UK and US from the early 1980s. While the majority of British and American breweries continue to operate in spatially restricted areas and niche markets, a few businesses expanded significantly in terms of production and turnover, gradually acquiring larger shares of the market and competing with multinational producers at home as well as abroad. The cases of BrewDog and Sierra Nevada, used as case study examples in this article, provide an original account on how once-upon-a-time micro-breweries grew into well established companies by pursuing aggressive strategies in terms of marketing and innovation respectively.     

CEO Power,CEO Age and the Policy Instrument Property of State-Owned-Enterprises

In this paper, we examine the relationship between CEO power, CEO age and the efficiency of policy implementation in listed corporations controlled by each province’s State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) in China. We find that CEOs with more power implement policy are more efficiently. We also find that younger powerful CEOs will act more effectively than their older competitors. The reason for the difference is that younger powerful CEOs in state-owned companies are incentivized to implement their policy tasks to gain promotions or political capital. Our results are important to future SOE reform and to understanding the characteristics of SOEs as policy instruments.     

一种改进的民用GPS异步欺骗技术

针对民用全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)欺骗中存在的欺骗信号伪码相位同步问题,通过欺骗建模分析得到了主要误差来源于探测系统定位精度。基于传统单路滑动牵引入锁技术,理论分析了功率损失主要来源于载波偏差。针对工程应用中欺骗信号构造时初始码相位超前滞后的不确定带来的欺骗起效时间二值性,提出基于码片误差滞后扩展处理的改进技术,并利用多路并发滑动优化单路滑动时间过长问题。通过软件接收机、商用接收机实验验证了改进的滑动入锁技术在实际应用中具有欺骗起效时间短、欺骗更可靠的特点。该研究成果可为民用GPS欺骗技术研究人员提供参考。