陕北黄陵县农户生计资本评价及其生计策略研究

[目的]选取受退耕还林、封山禁牧等生态政策影响较大的陕北农户为研究对象,分析农户生计资本与生计策略之间的作用关系。[方法]基于可持续生计分析框架,采用Logistic回归模型,对17个行政村335户样本农户数据进行分析。[结果](1)研究区农户的人力资本整体得分最高,社会资本居次,物质资本中等偏下,自然资本和金融资本处于低水平;(2)农户生计分化明显,典型的纯农户很少,农户生计策略主要为兼农型和低水平非农型;(3)回归分析表明,人力资本指数高的农户倾向于外地兼农,物质资本和社会资本指数高的农户倾向于当地兼农,家庭年收入、人均教育投入和人情往来3项指标是促进农户向非农型生计策略转变的关键因子。[结论]农户生计策略的选择和转变是建立在自身资本结构上的,其往往向着发挥生计资本优势、规避生计资本短板的方向调整生计策略,进而达到提高整体生计资本水平的目的。人力资本优势主导下的黄陵县,加之沟壑区农地资源空间配置的破碎性与复杂性,外地兼农型生计策略将仍是该地区农户近期内的主要生计抉择。     

乡村旅游开发下农户生计适应变化与影响机理研究*——以延安市乡村旅游为例

［目的］以延安市3个典型乡村旅游地为例,结合可持续生计分析框架和适应性理论,分析农户在乡村旅游扰动下的适应策略与适应模式,定量测度不同适应模式农户的适应结果。厘清农户未来生计策略选择的影响因素及其机制,提出促进农户及乡村旅游地可持续发展的对策。［方法］通过参与性农户评估法及二元回归分析法分析影响农户未来生计策略选择的因素。［结果］（1）旅游开发造成案例地农户自然资本丧失,失地农户由务农或务工为主的单一适应方式向兼业型与非农型转变,分化为4种不同类型的农户,且各类农户在各描述指标方面差异显著。（2）农户的生计资本衡量3个社区旅游开发后的适应结果,生计资本普遍较低且内部各维度差异明显。对比4类农户适应结果可得：复合生计型>务工主导型>旅游服务型>社会保障型。（3）通过二元逻辑回归模型深入解释当下适应结果对农户未来生计策略选择的影响,物质资本、金融资本和社会资本均影响农户选择意愿,其中可借款人数是最关键的影响变量。［结论］农户在旅游开发背景下生计动态适应的影响机制为旅游开发及基于此补偿制度是农户现在生计适应活动的外部起因,按照适应类型以及收入比重,分化为4种模式农户; 现行生计适应策略使农户适应结果迥异,生计资本的储量和结构差异显著,这种差异是农户未来生计选择的直接动因; 3个社区不同类型的旅游开发模式是农户未来生计策略选择分异的推动力量。     

Agricultural holdings with undefined boundaries,communal systems and counter‐hegemonies: The persistence of the peasantry in Argentina

The presence of agricultural holdings with undefined boundaries (AHUBs) and their heterogeneous geographical distribution questions the supposed hegemony of agribusiness in Argentina. Given the lack of defined boundaries, these holdings generate a communal culture among dwellers, which is reflected in both the strategies of the use of commons and the initiatives for the defence of land in the conflicts between peasants and entrepreneurs. This article describes two counter‐enclosure experiences that were generated and have developed on the bedrock of AHUBs and a communal matrix. Those defence strategies are employed by families that possess the land but have not title to it, being a defence tactic against attempts of eviction. AHUB not only is a new census category that allows us to enhance our knowledge of the rural world but also proposes modes of production that differ from those of the capitalist model, showing possible counter‐hegemonic development alternatives that arise from the practices used in these holdings.     

黄土高原苹果优生区农户生计分化机制研究——基于不同地形分区的对比分析

[目的]以黄土高原苹果优生区长武县为例,从生计资本与生计策略两方面揭示各地形区农户生计分化状态,识别农户生计分化的影响因素,探究研究区农户生计分化机制。[方法]文章基于可持续生计理论,构建农户生计资本评价指标体系,分析各地形区农户生计资本现状,并通过Logistic回归模型识别农户生计分化的影响因素。[结果]（1）随着产业与种植结构的变化,务工主导型、苹果种植型以及兼业综合型生计策略逐步从传统农业型生计策略中分离出来,生计非粮化与非农化趋势明显;（2）地形区间农户生计资本差异显著,整体呈现塬区>梁区>沟区,兼业综合型>务工主导型>苹果种植型>传统农业型的特征;（3）受地形条件影响,不同分区间相同生计策略的影响因素存在差异,相同因子对同一生计策略的影响程度与方向亦存在差异。[结论]研究区内农户生计分化是多种因素共同作用的结果,产业结构调整与气候变化等外部扰动是农户生计分化的前提与基础,生计资本是农户生计分化的内在属性与驱动因素,地形条件决定生计资本因子影响的方向成为研究区农户生计分化的关键因素。     

帽儿山国家森林公园旅游开发的研究

从帽儿山国家森林公园旅游开发的区位条件、自然资源和人文资源等旅游环境条件出发,结合帽儿山森林公园旅游开发的优势、劣势进行SWOT分析,构建了帽儿山森林公园旅游开发的基本框架,并针对这一设想提出了以社会营销观念指导森林公园的经营与管理;加强特色旅游产品的设计开发;调整目标客源市场,大力发展双休日度假旅游;多方筹集资金,实施新的开发管理模式;加快森林公园专业人才的开发和培养等对策措施。     

Managing the international commons: Resource use and pollution control

The simultaneous management, in an international context, of free-access renewable resources and transboundary pollution, is examined in a dynamic game framework. First-best outcomes under international cooperation are determined and compared to noncooperative outcomes when countries follow linear Markov strategies. An international policy consisting of taxes on emissions and harvesting, with international redistribution of tax receipts, is used to achieve the cooperative solution. In addition, side payments may be required to prevent free riding and thus make the international policy implementable.Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the International WorkshopEconomic Aspects of International Water Resources Utilization in the Mediterranean Basin, Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei, Milan, October 1993, and the Fifth Annual Conference of EAERE, Dublin, June 1994. I would like to thank Peter Berck, Charles Kolstad, Mordechai Schechter, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments.     

Why Do Some Multinational Firms Respond Better Than Others to the Hostility of Host Governments? Proximal Embedding and the Side Effects of Local Partnerships

Using a multiple-case study of alleged expropriations reported before the World Bank, we examine how multinational companies (MNC) react to the escalating hostility of host governments. Our study reveals how different choices regarding the interaction with local nonmarket stakeholders – which we refer to as proximal vs. mediated embedding – shape how managers respond to these disputes by affecting their ability to collect, process and interpret information, and to act upon it in a way that effectively mobilizes local and international support. In contrast to the prevailing view that local partners in international joint ventures shelter MNCs from abuse from political authorities, our findings show that primary reliance on local partners to manage the local nonmarket environment can actually reinforce a liability of outsidership and even create a ‘liability of insidership’, to the extent that relying on local partners prevents the MNC from establishing quality connections with a broad range of nonmarket stakeholders, reducing its alertness and responsiveness to hostile acts from host governments.     

Mixed Equilibrium in a Downsian Model with a Favored Candidate

This paper examines competition in the standard one-dimensional Downsian model of two-candidate elections, but where one candidate (A) enjoys an advantage over the other candidate (D). Voters' preferences are Euclidean, but any voter will vote for candidate A over candidate D unless D is closer to her ideal point by some fixed distance δ. The location of the median voter's ideal point is uncertain, and its distribution is commonly known by both candidates. The candidates simultaneously choose locations to maximize the probability of victory. Pure strategy equilibria often fail to exist in this model, except under special conditions about δ and the distribution of the median ideal point. We solve for the essentially unique symmetric mixed equilibrium with no-gaps, show that candidate A adopts more moderate policies than candidate D, and obtain some comparative statics results about the probability of victory and the expected distance between the two candidates' policies. We find that both players' equilibrium strategies converge to the expected median voter as A's advantage shrinks to 0. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D72.     

连续进化金融模型与全局渐进化稳定策略

本文运用达尔文生物进化论思想研究连续交易金融市场选择的动态变化及一般均衡规律。本文发现并证明了:金融资产“赢利”的充要条件是该资产相对股息大于相对股价;投资比例等于股息分发比例的简单混合策略是全局渐近进化稳定策略;在均衡条件下,对应的金融资产价格等于该资产股息占总股息的比例的数学期望;市场变异或金融创新是有效市场形成的动力;全局渐近进化稳定策略业绩可能在某些时候不是最好的,但只要其初始财富大于零,最终将控制市场上的所有财富,而简单混合策略,可能在某个时候业绩优良,然而,在市场存在全局渐近进化稳定策略的条件下,只要其初始财富份额小于1,最终控制的财富趋向于零,从而被市场所淘汰。     

我国商业银行市场风险管理的特殊性:基于金融生态环境的分析

随着我国经济金融改革和发展,尤其是利率市场化和人民币汇率体制改革的深入,中国银行业面临的市场风险显著增大,根据我国具体情况加强银行市场风险管理是十分紧迫的现实任务。本文以金融生态环境为视角,着重分析我国商业银行的内外部环境状况及其影响,揭示我国银行业市场风险管理的特殊性,并据此提出了以金融生态环境改善为基础,提高银行市场风险管理水平的建议。