Implementing technology-forcing policies: The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments and the introduction of advanced automotive emissions controls in the United States

Technology forcing is a strategy where a regulator specifies a standard that cannot be met with existing technology, or at least not at an acceptable cost. Using the 1970 U.S. Clean Air Act for controlling automobile emissions as a baseline example, we demonstrate the importance of the regulatory implementation process if regulations are to foster technological change. The 1970 legislation required steep emissions reductions for new 1975 and 1976 automobiles, which presented automakers with major technical and economic challenges. Nevertheless, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency successfully forced the adoption of two marquee control technologies—the catalytic converter in 1975 and the three-way catalyst in 1981. We focus on three factors critical to the implementation process: agency credibility to enforce standards, competitive pressures to drive industry research and development, and uncertainty about technological development.     

科技体制转轨应遵循的规律及其配套改革模型

本文说明了科技体制转轨过程中应遵循的规律,即要素围绕优势创新集体优化重组,以新机制运行增量并渐进地带动存量调整,引导并调动主体积极性,中年科技人员有序流动,科技活动的定向研究和自由探索相结合的规律;分析了我国科技资源配置和利用方面存在的不足,科技体制改革方式中值得改进之处,并提出了科技体制转轨的诱致性配套改革模型。本文的探索,对于认识科技体制转轨的规律性,改进对科技体制改革的领导,都可能具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。     

光伏产业发展模式研究:以浙江为例

借鉴德、关、日、韩国家的光伏产业发展模式,通过对浙江十大光伏龙头企业及其它307家光伏企业的数据分析,总结了浙江光伏产业现有发展模式的主要特点与问题,提出了基于市场、技术与产业链协同的浙江光伏产业发展新模式.     

Economic gains from technology-intensive trade: an empirical assessment

National investment in technological activity is commonly justifiedin terms of the positive impacts upon productivity, internationalcompetitiveness and related aspects of national economic performance.This premise has found a supportive theoretical framework inthe new technology and growth models. Based on extended technology-gapmodels, this study examines cross-country empirical evidenceon the relationship between technology-intensive trade performance(as a proxy for technological output) and per capita economicperformance, utilising 1978 to 1992 data for around 45 nations.The results provide some support for a positive relationshipbetween trade performance and economic returns. However, theweak and often inconsistent results suggest that the unconditionalpursuit of technology-intensive trade improvements may not necessarilyhave the expected net benefits.     

东亚信息技术产业的区内与区外贸易模式实证分析

东亚IT产业发展的贸易模式有如下特点：第一,东亚IT产业的技术来源于美国。通过承接美国计算机企业的“外包”业务,东亚在IT硬件设备制造领域建立了完整的生产体系。第二,东亚与美国的IT产品贸易主要集中在集成电路与电子部件。反映了美国企业将IT中间产品“外包”到东亚区域以降低生产成本,推动了全球IT产品的国际外包浪潮。第三,东亚区域内贸易模式不同于东亚-美国之间的贸易特征．日本、韩国和东盟通过向我国出口集成电路及其电子零部件获得了巨额的贸易顺差,而我国则将进口的集成电路和电子零部件装配成电子产品出口到美国和世界各地。     

基于交易成本的技术标准联盟形成机理研究

技术标准专利化趋势加速了以技术标准联盟设立技术标准的趋势.从交易成本视角看,市场、科层组织和技术标准联盟在技术标准设立过程中都会产生生产成本、机会主义成本、信息成本以及协调成本,相比之下,技术标准联盟在降低交易费用、提高交易质量方面有明显优势,技术标准联盟形成有其合理性.