一种基于余热回收的CO2污水源热泵系统设计与性能研究

CO2属于环境友好型制冷剂,其跨临界循环非常适用于热泵系统。通过对自然工质物性和CO2污水源热泵专用活塞压缩机不可逆损失的研究,构建了带节流阀和带膨胀机的2种单级CO2污水源热泵系统数学模型,开发了一套CO2单级热泵循环性能分析平台。该项目拟设计一种高效稳定的CO2污水源热泵系统,实现城市污水低温余热的回收再利用,既符合社会可持续发展的要求,同时也是节能减排的重要组成部分。     

中欧贸易隐含碳及政策启示——基于投入产出模型的实证研究

虽然欧盟一直是节能减排的积极倡导者和实践者,但如果欧盟各国通过减少国内生产,增加从中国的进口而实现其减排目标,则其承诺将是毫无意义的。采用投入产出法对中欧贸易隐含碳进行结构分解分析,结果表明:1995—2010年,中国对欧盟净出口隐含碳占到中国总排放量的3.07%～8.41%;技术效应和结构效应都有利于减少碳排放,但是它们却不足以抵消规模效应所导致的碳排放增加。因此,欧盟应对中国的部分碳排放负责,中国则需加大低碳技术的应用,改善生产结构和贸易结构。     

基于环境要素的“污染天堂假说”理论和实证研究——中国行业CO2排放测算和比较分析

文章回顾了贸易与环境关系以及"污染天堂假说"相关研究文献,对纳入环境要素的H-O模型和"污染天堂假说"理论进行逻辑分析,然后改进投入产出法并计算各种能源的CO2排放系数来计算中国各行业的排放总量和排放强度,在确定高排放行业基础上通过计算净出口消费指数来检验中国是否存在"污染天堂假说",最后针对中国产业布局以及污染产业转移情况提出政策建议。     

Transition of the Chinese Economy in the Face of Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts in the Future

China joined the Paris Agreement, and the global 2°C and 1.5°C warming targets will be supported by China. In order to achieve these targets, China's CO₂ emissions need to be cut deeply by 2050. The present paper presents studies from the integrated policy assessment model for China (IPAC) team about the impact on China's economic development of deep cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in order to realize the Paris climate change targets. With the requirement of deep cuts in GHG emissions in China, China's economic development will also be impacted in moving toward a low‐carbon or zero‐carbon emission‐based economy by 2050. This means the Chinese economy needs a strong transition over the next three decades, a relatively short time. All sectors in the economy need to seek ways to reduce GHG emissions, and this could change activities, industry processes and technologies in order to make the deep cuts in GHG emissions happen. This is the meaning of the economic transition toward to a low‐carbon economy. The findings of the present paper include: a significant transition in the energy supply sector; a high rate of electrification in all end‐use sectors; and a technology transition in the transport sector. Transitions will also occur in the traditional industrial sectors, including steel making, cement manufacture, and the chemical sector. The availability of low‐cost renewable energy could change the allocation of industries, which could potentially have a strong impact on regional economic development. Deep cuts in CO₂ emissions in China need not be a burden for economic development, as the IPAC results show there will be a more than 1.5% increase of gross domestic product by 2050 in the deep cut scenario compared with the baseline scenario.     

The econometrics of the environmental Kuznets curve: an illustration using Australian CO2 emissions

Four econometric issues associated with the estimation and testing of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) are considered: (i) model specification with respect to the order of the polynomial, (ii) model specification with respect to the use of linear or log-linear specifications, (iii) integration and cointegration considerations, and (iv) missing variables and time trends. These issues are examined in reference to Australian data on four measures of CO2 emissions and three measures of per capita income. While evidence is provided for an inverted U-shaped EKC, the results cannot be generalized. It is concluded that without the use of sensitivity analysis, the results are typically fragile.     

Environmental Efficiency and the Optimal Size of Chinese Cities

The spatial distribution of population and economic activities has important impacts on both economic growth and the environment. This paper uses a slack‐based measure to estimate the total factor environmental efficiency (TFEE) of 286 Chinese prefectural‐and‐above cities for the period 2002–2013. In particular, the relationship between city size and TFEE is investigated. The findings also show an inverted U‐shaped relationship between TFEE and city size, which implies an optimal city size of 16.68 million residents in China. According to this estimate, most Chinese cities may be undersized due to the migration restrictions of the hukou registration system and, hence, suffer from great environmental efficiency losses. The estimated low average TFEE value of Chinese cities also suggests the large potential for efficiency improvement. Thus, government policies should focus on relaxing migration restrictions and encouraging the development of large cities.     

中国温室气体排放、能源消费与经济增长的实证分析

本文利用时间序列计量经济方法检验了中国的CO2排放量与能源消费、GDP、对外贸易、资本形成、人口等变量之间的关系。研究发现变量之间存在长期的均衡关系。长期内变量之间存在着双向因果关系;而在短期内,存在着GDP、能源消费、对外贸易、资本形成到CO2排放量等四种单向因果关系,其中CO2排放、能源消费、GDP和资本形成在各自的因果关系中所起的作用尤为显著。实证结果也发现能源消费对CO2排放具有加速影响趋势,对外贸易对CO2排放的影响也十分关键,而且变量之间存在着一个稳定的CO2排放方程。相应的政策建议是,中国应该实施低碳经济战略,加快低碳转型,发展低碳经济。     

电力市场中厂网合作的CO2减排调度模式研究

本文通过分析电力市场中独立发电商与电网公司之间的合作激励,提出厂网合作的CO2减排调度模式。基于CO2减排调度规则及独立发电商报价系数对竞价市场的影响,确定了厂网合作方式与约束条件,构建厂网合作模型,求解出最优合作策略,并设计了相应的增量收益分配方案。最后,通过实例检验了所述调度模式的合理性。     

基于Theil指数的区域CO2排放强度差异分析--来自47个国家的证据

文章运用Theil指数研究了世界三大经济体（APEC、EU、NAFTA）47个国家2000-2010年间CO2排放强度分布及其差异性。结果表明：总体上,样本国家CO2排放强度呈现下降趋势,说明最近十年全球性的节能减排工作有一定成效;然而,区域经济体内部、之间CO2排放强度呈现程度不一的差异,APEC差异最大,EU次之,NAFTA差异最小。在研究期间,区域内差异逐渐缩小而区域间差异逐渐增大,呈现“俱乐部收敛”的特征,这与区域经济体内部一体化进程有直接的联系。CO2排放强度差异在区域间不断增大而区域内不断缩小的事实说明了减排成本差异的变化趋势,一方面推进区域经济一体化进程（尤其是APEC的一体化）有助于减排目标的实现,另一方面这种区域间差异也为开展区域间、国家间合作提供了理论支持。     

气体膜分离在环境保护中的应用

气体膜分离作为新兴的分离技术,已广泛应用于石油化工、能源、电子、医药、食品等领域。着重介绍了气体膜分离技术在环境保护领域的应用研究,包括有机蒸气(VOCs)的分离及酸性气体的分离,同时展望了该技术的发展趋势。