尕斯联合站5000方1#含水油罐底板腐蚀原因分析

尕斯联合站原油中的水的含量不断增加,致使含水油罐底板的腐蚀问题日愈严重。对腐蚀机理进行分析,指出罐内H2S-H2O腐蚀环境和水中CO2浓度及温度造成腐蚀的主要原因。采取加强对漆膜厚度的控制和检测、阴极保护等措施,可有效防止腐蚀的加剧。     

我国省域CO2排放量的动态演进分析——兼论与环境规制和造林活动之间的关系

基于我国30个省份2003-2011年的CO2排放量数据,利用面板数据的向量自回归方法和脉冲响应方法分析碳排放量与环境规制和造林活动之间的关系。结果表明：30个省份CO2的平均排放量以10．7％的速度逐年上升;不同省份CO2排放量之间的差距不断拉大;环境规制对各省CO2排放量的影响呈现先增后减的趋势;造林活动前期减排作用不明显,但减排效果具有长期性。     

地球暖化与温室气体的排放——中日贸易中的CO2排放问题

本文结合中日两国国民收入及外贸基本经济数据,利用数学方程把经济因素、环境因素、国际关系联系起来,建立了环境与经济综合分析的模型,测算经济与环境之间的数量关系,同时为中日两国的环境政策合作、能源管理和可持续发展研究提供了基础数据。     

Purchasing agent's influence in the buying process

As in previous studies the role of the purchasing agent can here been seen to vary throughout the buying process. The results both support and reject previous findings. This study finds that while purchasing agents are heavily involved in some buying stages, such as the selection of an order routine as suggested by previous studies, they may not be heavily involved in such other buying stages as post-sale performance feedback. This is contrary to previous findings. This study was conducted in the commercial construction industry.     

CO2 Multipliers in Multi-region Input-Output Models

In order to achieve equitable reduction targets, international trade has to be taken into account when assessing nations' responsibility for abating climate change. Especially for open economies such as Denmark, greenhouse gases embodied in internationally traded commodities can have a considerable influence on the national 'greenhouse gas responsibility'. We set up a five-region input-output model including Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Norway in order to calculate CO₂ multipliers and trade balances. We investigate multidirectional feedback between these countries, and hence the error inherent in a single-region input-output model. We also examine the effect of aggregation on the model results. In the case of Denmark, an 11 Mt CO₂ trade surplus resulting from a single-region model turns into balance when multidirectional trade is considered. Moreover, aggregated models are likely to result in significant errors. Therefore, both the type and the degree of aggregation used for modelling CO₂ responsibilities could have a major bearing in international negotiations.     

二氧化碳单井吞吐增油技术应用研究

CO2单井吞吐工艺作为一种提高原油采收率的有效方法,在国外已得到了广泛的应用,在国内也越来越引起人们的重视,而胜利油田又具有十分丰富的CO2资源,通过大量资料,室内试验研究数据及现场应用实例,阐述了CO2单井吞吐在油田增产方面的应用前景。     

二氧化碳排放量和国内生产总值的经济学关系分析

近年来二氧化碳的排放量被普遍关注,进而有科学研究提出了建立排放许可证来减少全球二氧化碳的排放量,减缓并抑制温室效应,来满足地球生物的可持续发展状态,使人类的生存环境需求得到满足。这样原本与经济学没有关系的二氧化碳排放量有了一定的经济学意义,与国内生产总值一样也能用来衡量经济体活动,具有了能使人们得到满足的功能与属性,加上建立许可证制度使其有了稀缺性,这使其与GDP一样具有了经济学研究的价值。     

CO2 Emissions Embodied in China＇s Foreign Trade： An Investigation from the Perspective of Global Vertical Specialization

In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade, the present paper uses input output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multi regional input-output model to calculate the CO2 emissions embodied in China＇s international trade during 1995-2009. The advantage of this model lies in its incorporation of the re exported CO2 emissions component embodied in trade and its ability to differentiate domestic sourced CO2 emissions from foreign-sourced CO2 emissions in trade. The results show that carbon emissions embodied in both China＇s exports and imports increased significantly during 1995-2009. One important reason for this is that the re-exported carbon emissions embodied in China＇s imported intermediate inputs increased substantially during this period. Our research reveals that accelerating the transformation of trade pattern and upgrading processing trade should be emphasized in the formulation of policy to prompt CO 2 emissions abatement in China.     

Evaluating the uncertainty in estimates of the economic impacts of Bovine-Leukosis virus in U.S. dairy cows

An examination of the economic impacts of Bovine‐Leukosis virus indicated that reduced milk production, attributed to the presence of Bovine‐Leukosis virus in dairy cows, reduced consumer surplus by 2.7 ± 2.3 billion US$ (bUS$), and resulted in a total partial equilibrium loss of 720 ± 560 million US$ (mUS$) to the U.S. economy in 1996. Most of the economic surplus lost by consumers was transferred to producers, whose economic surplus increased by 2.0 ± 1.8 bUS$ as a result of reduced milk production attributed to the presence of Bovine‐Leukosis virus in dairy cattle. Uncertainty analysis showed that an estimate of the milk‐production decline per percent increase in the prevalence of Bovine‐Leukosis virus in dairy cows accounted for most of the uncertainty in the economic‐impact estimates. If Bovine‐Leukosis virus had not been present in U.S. dairy cows, then milk production would have increased by 2.0 billion ± 1.5 billion kg, the price would have fallen by 3.8 ± 3.2 cents/kg, and the value of the milk produced would have decreased by 2.1 ± 1.9 bUS$. Guidelines delineated by the International Organization for Standardization, for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement, are discussed and proposed for use in the context of broad national estimates, for which the economic impacts of Bovine‐Leukosis virus serve as an example. The principal advantages of the methodology are the clarity and transparency of results, and the ability clearly to identify major uncertainty contributors.     

低碳经济背景下环境规制对经济增长的影响

低碳经济发展受到世界各国的高度重视,如何有效减少CO2排放量需要政府环境规制的有效介入,在低碳经济发展背景下探索环境规制对经济增长的影响具有重要意义。基于我国1995-2011年29个省市的面板数据,测算历年各省的CO2排放量,以CO2排放强度为环境规制的代理变量,实证分析环境规制对经济增长的影响,结果显示：环境规制强度与经济增长之间呈现倒U型关系,初期CO2排放强度降低1％,即环境规制增加1％,经济增长将增加4．71％,当环境规制强度增大到一定水平后,继续加大环境规制强度将降低经济增长。