A new approach to capital control for emerging market economies

The present paper proposes a new approach to capital control for emerging market economies, which restricts capital inflows to a fraction of the gap between foreign currency denominated loans and deposits in the economy. We show that the foreign-currency-gap capital control proposed here outperforms tax-based capital control in attenuating the negative effects of external shocks on business cycle fluctuations. This attenuation effect works via the interest rate channel and the capital control constraint itself. Compared to tax-based capital control, the foreign-currency-gap capital control is welfare enhancing, effectively mitigating financial instability with little cost in terms of macroeconomic stability. Countries with a high level of foreign currency denominated loans and deposits need to implement a stricter foreign-currency-gap capital control.     

人民币汇率波动与货币政策调控难度

文章采用动态随机一般均衡（DSGE）模型研究了中国货币政策实施时不能忽略的人民币汇率波动特征。文章构建了人民币汇率波动与中国货币政策及其宏观经济系统影响机制的理论模型,并在模型参数校准的基础上进行了政策模拟。研究结果表明,较大的人民币汇率波动会在一定程度上减弱中国货币政策的调控效果,但是对每个变量冲击响应的影响程度有所不同。较大的人民币汇率波动将显著干扰货币政策对宏观经济需求的调控,人民币汇率升值波动幅度较大时,货币政策对需求变量的调控作用会减弱,但不会影响相关需求变量在不同时点的冲击响应走势特征。较大的汇率波动会减弱利率上行对出口的负面影响,有利于缓解货币政策对出口的负面冲击,但会导致贸易条件（出口价格和进口价格的比值）进一步恶化。     

非正规金融与正规金融双重结构下货币政策工具比较研究

金融市场正规金融与非正规金融并存,使得货币政策工具的操作和传导具有更加复杂和非可控的微观因素。本文尝试将非正规金融纳入研究框架,建立四部门动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,比较数量型和价格型货币政策工具的有效性。研究显示,价格型货币政策工具对宏观经济变量的影响大于数量型货币政策工具,且持续时间较短,导致的通货膨胀上升幅度小。在对非正规金融的影响上,价格型货币政策工具的效果更显著。     

模拟统一碳排放市场的建立对我国经济的影响——基于DSGE模型

本文采用基于中国经济的DSGE模型,模拟在技术和政策的外生冲击下,建立统一碳排放市场对总产出、环境质量和CER实际价格产生的影响。分析结果表明,在政府制定好CER审核标准的前提下,短期至中期,建立统一碳排放市场具有减小总产出波动、提高环境质量以及减小CER实际价格波动的作用。而在长期,建立统一碳排放市场并不会对总产出和CER实际价格产生明显影响,却对环境有改善的作用。同时建立统一碳排放市场将会：使得财政政策的效果与未建立统一碳排放市场时的效果相反;要求政府对CER审核标准的定制更加谨慎,以应对清洁型技术可能带来的部分不利影响;对货币政策效果影响不明显。     

技术冲击、二氧化碳排放与中国经济波动——基于DSGE模型的数值模拟

文章通过构建包含环境约束的动态随机一般均衡模型,分析了生产技术和环保技术冲击对一国主要宏观变量的影响。研究发现:(1)生产技术冲击对经济发展的促进作用是直接的、主要的,而对污染排放量的增长效应则是间接的、次要的,最优污染排放变动具有顺周期性;(2)环保技术冲击对经济的推动作用是间接的、次要的,而对污染排放量的限制作用则是直接的、主要的,最优污染排放变动具有逆周期性;(3)在两类冲击共同作用下,环保技术冲击的减排效应短期显著,而生产技术冲击的增长效应则长期占优,但两类冲击对全球污染存量变动的影响都十分微弱,经济波动周期维持在十年左右。     

动态随机一般均衡模型： 文献研究与未来展望

动态随机一般均衡 （DSGE） 模型是近10多年来宏观经济学发展的主要标志物。它为研究经济增长和经济波动提供了统一的分析框架。DSGE模型的产生和发展大体上经历了实际的经济周期（RBC）模型和新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型两个阶段。DSGE模型是一种动态模型,又考虑了随机冲击,还具有所需数据信息较少的简约化特征,因而受到政策制定者尤其是中央银行的青睐。DSGE模型现在在理论基础、理论模型与实际数据的匹配性、模型的估计方法等方面还存在这样那样的问题,但是这个模型体现着现代宏观经济学的许多共识和发展趋势,随着贝叶斯方法与DSGE模型的有机融合,随着计算机性能和计算能力的不断提高,DSGE模型将会得到进一步发展和改进。     

Tracing the causes of the banking crisis

We add the Bernanke–Gertler–Gilchrist model to a modified version of the Smets–Wouters model of the U.S. in order to explore the causes of the banking crisis. The innovation of this article is estimating the model using unfiltered data allowing for non-stationary shocks in order to replicate how the model predicts the crisis. We find that ‘traditional shocks’ account for most of the fluctuations in macroeconomic variables; the non-stationarity of the productivity shock plays a key role. Crises occur when there is a ‘run’ of bad shocks; based on this sample they occur on average once every 64 years and when they occur around 10% are accompanied by financial crisis. Financial shocks on their own, even when extreme, do not cause crises – provided the government acts swiftly to counteract such a shock as happened in this sample.     

房地产市场、银行体系与中国宏观经济波动——基于多部门动态随机一般均衡模型的分析

本文建立了一个包含异质性家庭、企业、零售商、商业银行、中央银行等多部门的动态随机一般均衡模型。模型中企业以房地产抵押向银行借贷,普通家庭通过银行借款提前消费房地产,将房地产市场与银行体系引入模型,两者构成模型中经济波动传导的主体。我们模拟了各种冲击（包括房地产偏好、存款准备金率、通胀等）对宏观经济变量的动态影响,模拟的一些结果和现实中国经济反应非常一致。模拟结果表明:房地产需求的增加会在一定程度上引发经济衰退,影响经济最重要的变量是央行的存款准备金率和通胀冲击,银行体系将外生冲击分散传导,导致经济主体在冲击下形成其不同经济表现,在我国,银行体系是我国经济波动不可忽视的传导途径。     

An Open Economy DSGE Model with Search-and-Matching Frictions: The Case of Hungary

This article builds and estimates a medium scale, small open economy DSGE model augmented with search-and-matching frictions in the labor market, and different wage setting behavior in new and existing jobs. The model is estimated using Hungarian data between 2001–2008. We find that: (i) the inclusion of matching frictions significantly improves the model’s empirical fit; (ii) the extent of new hires wage rigidity is quantitatively important for key macro variables; (iii) labor market shocks do not play an important role in inflation dynamics, but the structure of the labor market influences the monetary transmission mechanism.     

Exploiting the monthly data flow in structural forecasting

A quarterly stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model is combined with a now-casting model designed to read timely monthly information as it becomes available. This implies (1) mapping the structural quarterly DSGE with a monthly version that maintains the same economic restrictions; (2) augmenting the model with a richer data set and (3) updating the estimates of the DSGE׳s structural shocks in real time following the publication calendar of the data. Our empirical results show that our methodology enhances the predictive accuracy in now-casting. An analysis of the Great Recession also shows that our framework would have helped tracing the DSGE׳s structural shocks in real time, obtaining, for example, a more timely account of the 2008 contraction.