Notes on the postulate of the monotonicity in distance in inequality

In this paper, we strengthen Cowell and Flachaire's observation regarding the failure to satisfy Cowell's “monotonicity in distance” postulate by several well-known inequality indices. We also identify a general analytical reason for this failure to arise.     

On the General Deviation Measure and the Gini coefficient

The General Deviation Measure introduces a progressive definition for financial risk measurement, which presents an alternative to the Coherent Risk Measure. This definition replaces the Translation Invariance and Monotonicity axioms with the Shift Invariance and Nonnegativity axioms, and it includes the Mean Absolute Deviation measure and other variations of the Value-at-Risk measurements. This research shows that Coherent Risk Measure holds an intrinsic contradiction regarding riskless assets, and it proves that the Gini coefficient is also a General Deviation Measure. These contributions improve the efficiency of risk measurement and asset pricing in the financial markets.     

入境旅游季节性测度及影响因素研究——基于上海的实证分析

季节性是入境旅游的典型特征之一,对旅游业发展具有重要影响。本文以2004—2019年入境旅游月度数据为样本,采用变异系数、月度指数测度上海入境旅游需求季节性,并构建面板数据模型分析上海入境旅游需求季节性影响因素。研究发现:①上海入境旅游月集中度波动频繁,季节性明显;②上海入境旅游季节形式表现为中间低,两边高的"M"型,在全年范围内形成旺季、平季和淡季3个旅游季节,其中3月、4月、5月、10月和11月为旺季,1月和2月为淡季,其余月份为平季;③长途客源市场季节性波动较小,但总体季节性较高;短途客源市场季节性在降低,但其内部客源地存在季节性过高和季节性过低的两极分化现象。④经济、气候和社会因素均不同程度显著影响上海入境旅游季节性。     

土地改革前浙江省的地权分配

研究目的：运用县志资料估算浙江省各县土地改革前的地权分配基尼系数，全景式地提供浙江省土地改革前的地权分配不平等情况。研究方法：历史文献、洛伦兹折线。研究结果：（1）浙江省的公田较多，公田的归类显著影响到基尼系数的大小，公田较多的县，将公田算作地主所有时的基尼系数，比不考虑公田时的基尼系数高了40%以上；（2）将公田归为地主所有时的土地所有权分配基尼系数在0.28～0.74之间，有5个县的基尼系数不超过0.40，土地分配相当平均。研究结论：土地改革前浙江省的地权不平等程度不高，但不同县的地权分配情况差异巨大。