新中国优先发展重工业战略的形成背景、主要经验及其现实意义

中国工业化以“一五”计划的制定与实施为起点刘少奇、周恩来、陈云等党和国家领导人对中国工业化道路提出了不同的思考。从理论上看,中国工业化道路一开始选择优先发展重工业战略是与马克思的社会再生产理论以及与列宁进一步归纳和发展的“生产资料生产优先增长规律”密切相关。朝鲜战争的爆发加速了我国优先发展重工业战略的形成。保证重点、均衡发展是“一五”时期所实施的优先发展重工业战略的最显著的特点,同时也是实施优先发展重工业战略的成功经验。     

Factors Influencing Successful Achievement in Contrasting Design and Technology Activities in Higher Education

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between such factors as learning style, gender, prior experience, and successful achievement in contrasting modules taken by a cohort of thirty design and technology trainee teachers during their degree programme at a University in the North East of England. Achievement data were collected from three design and three electronic modules at levels 1, 2 and 3. Data concerning appropriate, previous experience before starting the course was obtained through a short questionnaire. The learning style of each member of the sample was ascertained using the Cognitive Style Analysis test. The findings from the study indicated that the learning style groupings were not as expected. A positive relationship between achievement and past experience in both electronics and design activity was found, although improvement for those with no prior experience in comparison to those with previous experience was only evident in electronics. A concern arising out of the data was the differences in terms of achievement between male and female students and also the difference in achievement when learning style and gender were scrutinised. The implications of the findings in relation to the success of the trainees as impending teachers of design and technology were discussed. The problems associated with the small cell size caused by splitting the sample by the three variables was acknowledged and a suggestion was made that further study would be required to ascertain whether the gender and learning style differences witnessed in this study would be replicated in a larger sample.     

Buyer behavior in business-to-business services: The case of foreign exchange

Empirical regularities in buying behavior observed in mostly consumer markets have been linked into a comprehensive model, the Dirichlet. No attempt has yet been made to see if this model applies to services in general or to business-to-business services in particular. In this paper, we examine the purchasing behavior of large multinational corporations from four countries who purchase foreign exchange contracts from the major banks. We highlight similarities to the patterns of buying behavior observed in consumer markets. Implications for the management of business-to-business services firms are discussed.     

Empiric bayes estimation of hypergeometric probability

A Bayes-empiric Bayes estimator of a parameter of the hypergeometric distribution, based on orthogonal polynomials on non-negative integers, is introduced. It is shown that this estimator is asymptotically optimal; and the resulting estimator of the prior probability function is mean square consistent.     

A new approximation of the posterior distribution of the log–odds ratio

In this paper, the posterior density of the log–odds ratio is studied. It is assumed that the observations have a multinomial distribution and that the prior on the multinomial parameters is a Dirichlet density. Several approximations currently available are reviewed. Under certain conditions on the prior parameters of the Dirichlet density, it is shown that the posterior moments can be computed exactly. A new approximation, similar to the Edgeworth expansion is also proposed. Using a numerical example, the different methods of approximation of posterior density are compared.