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971.
    
In this paper we study the problem of price competition and free entry in congested markets. In particular, we consider a network with multiple origins and a common destination node, where each link is owned by a firm that sets prices in order to maximize profits, whereas users want to minimize the total cost they face, which is given by the congestion cost plus the prices set by firms. In this environment, we introduce the notion of Markovian Traffic Equilibrium to establish the existence and uniqueness of a pure strategy price equilibrium, without assuming that the demand functions are concave nor imposing particular functional forms for the latency functions. We derive explicit conditions to guarantee existence and uniqueness of equilibria. Given this existence and uniqueness result, we apply our framework to study entry decisions and welfare, and establish that in congested markets with free entry, the number of firms exceeds the social optimum.  相似文献   
972.
    
This paper develops a dynamic analysis of the trade balance to investigate the roles of supply and demand shocks. It also introduces global shocks in the analysis to take into account the comovement of income across countries. The results, based on the long-run historical data and a structural VAR analysis, show that, in the U.K., Australia, Canada, and Sweden, domestic and global supply shocks, while dominant causes in long-term and cyclical changes in output, are unimportant for the trade balance. The trade balance is explained mostly by shocks that cause transitory changes in income. Transitory income shocks cause income and the trade balance to move in opposite directions in all countries except Sweden. The countercyclical behavior of the trade balance seems to be a robust feature in the U.K. and Canada but not in the smaller economies of Australia and Sweden.This research was supported by a summer research grant from the Carol Martin Gatton College of Business and Economics at the University of Kentucky. The grant was made possible by a donation of funds to the College by Ashland Inc. I appreciate the Editor, two anonymous referees, Dick Gift and Mark Toma for their helpful suggestions. All remaining errors are mine.  相似文献   
973.
    
This paper analyzes the welfare effects of altruism on the optimal fiscal policy. The existence of positive bequests links present and future generations in the economy. We show that these altruistic links provide a new role for indirect taxation (consumption and estate taxes) with important welfare implications. We use three different altruistic approaches (warm-glow, dynastic, and family) to illustrate how the presence of bequests in the budget constraint of the donee gives the government the ability to use indirect taxation to mimic lump-sum taxes and to implement the first-best outcome in the long-run. This channel is not present in economies without altruism, such as the infinite-lived consumer economy or the overlapping generations economy, where long-run welfare is suboptimal and indirect taxation is irrelevant.  相似文献   
974.
The Marshallian Macroeconomic Model in Zellner and Israilevich (2005) provides a novel way to examine sectoral dynamics through the introduction of a dynamic entry/exit equation in addition to the usual demand and supply functions found in models of this class. In this paper we examine the possibility of cyclical behavior in the Marshallian Macroeconomic Model and investigate the existence of a Hopf bifurcation with respect to the parameter in the entry/exit equation.  相似文献   
975.
Charitable contributions are frequently made over time. Donors are free to contribute whenever they wish and as often as they want, and are frequently updated on the level of contributions by others. A dynamic structure enables donors to condition their contribution on that of others, and, as Schelling [Schelling, Thomas C., The Strategy of Conflict Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.] suggested, it may establish trust thereby increasing charitable giving. Marx and Matthews [Marx, Leslie, and Steven Matthews, “A Dynamic Voluntary Contribution to a Public Project,” Review of Economic Studies, 67, 2000, 327-358.] build on Schelling's insight and show that multiple contribution rounds may secure a provision level that cannot be achieved in the static, one-shot setting, but only if there is a discrete, positive payoff jump upon completion of the project. We examine these two hypotheses experimentally using static and dynamic public good games. We find that contributions are indeed higher in the dynamic than in the static game. However, in contrast to the predictions, the increase in contributions in the dynamic game does not depend critically on the existence of a completion benefit jump or on whether players can condition their decisions on the behavior of other members of their group.  相似文献   
976.
    
We consider a dynamic competition game involving three players, in which each player can vary the extent of his competition on a per-rival basis. We call such competition targeted. We show that if the players are myopic, then the weaker players eventually lose the game to their strongest rival. If instead the players are sufficiently far-sighted, then all three players converge in their power and stay in the game. We develop our model in application to drug wars, but the approach of targeted competition can be applied to competition between firms or political parties, or to warfare.  相似文献   
977.
    
The paper uses Ohlson (Contemp Account Res 11:661–687, 1995) and compares the relative predictability of the proposed simultaneous model for contemporaneous stock price with a traditional single equation model used by the previous studies. The paper also explores how residual income and value-relevant information affect firms’ equity price. The main results of the paper suggest that the predictive ability and estimation efficiency of the simultaneous models in explaining contemporaneous stock prices are better than those of the traditional single models. Moreover, investors will use the value-relevant information beyond accounting earnings, namely analysts’ earnings forecasts, bankruptcy cost and agency cost, in equity valuation to make decision. Note particularly, the higher the bankruptcy or agency cost is, the more important the role it plays in equity valuation and, on average, the higher the accuracy of price prediction is.
Hsiao-Wen WangEmail:
  相似文献   
978.
Recent marketing studies use scanner data to diagnose the influence of a change in a brand's marketing mix on other brands in the same category. A few studies also use scanner data to model inter-category effects between substitutes (e.g., tea and coffee) or complements (e.g., tea and sugar). No study models the dynamic effects of cross-category competition though.We present a dynamic model that shows how different products in a typical market basket influence demand of one another. Empirical tests use single-source, market-level data for ice cream and some substitute and complement categories. On the basis of in-sample fit, out-of-sample forecasts, and formal causality tests, this study demonstrates that the marketing mix decisions for ice cream influence the sales and market shares of ice cream toppings and frozen yogurt. As a check on the predictive validity of the model, model parameters, using 16-month data, predict behavior in the subsequent 3 months.  相似文献   
979.
中国房地产公司动态资本结构研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过一般公司动态资本结构模型研究,结合我国房地产公司运行特性,对房地产公司资产负债特性进行了分析:即将公司负债分为金融性负债和经营性负债。建立了房地产公司动态资本结构模型,利用该模型进行了数据仿真分析。研究发现,当房地产公司盈利能力较强且比较稳定时,通过增加经营性负债和金融性负债均可使股权收益率得到较大的提高,且经营性负债率对其影响较大;当房地产公司盈利能力较弱且波动性较强时,通过增加经营性负债可以提高股权收益率,但提高的幅度非常小。  相似文献   
980.
个人–团队匹配模型已经改变了团队模式下人力资源的选拔方法,但不足的是不能保证\"个人–团队\"能够动态匹配。已有的研究发现,员工快乐与否直接影响着团队的绩效,并且员工快乐这个元素是呈动态变化的。建立了团队快乐指数的评价指标体系,并通过构建\"个人–团队\"动态匹配模型来影响团队成员快乐的因素,达到间接、动态地调整\"个人–团队\"绩效关系,使个人与团队之间得到双赢的绩效目标。  相似文献   
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