Does a sudden death liven up the game? Rules,incentives, and strategy in football

Summary. In an effort to stimulate more attractive football, the international football association FIFA, has recently introduced the "sudden death" or "golden goal" rule for games going into extra time play. This paper analyses under which conditions, if any, the introduction of the sudden death rule improves the attractiveness of the football game. Our results indicate that the new rule will not change the behavior of equally powerful teams.Received: 20 November 2002, Revised: 12 May 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: C72, L83.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at Queens University of Belfast and University of Southampton. The authors would like to thank the seminar participants. Indraijt Ray and an anonymous reviewer for their useful comments on earlier versions of this paper. We specially thank Giulio Seccia for his constructive comments. We also acknowledge K.U. Leuven for providing research support.     

中国上市公司费用“粘性”行为研究

费用“粘性”指当费用随着业务量的变化而变化时 ,其边际变化率在不同的业务量变化方向上的不对称性。本文讨论了费用“粘性”的内容和目前对此的理论解释 :“契约观”、“效率观”和“机会主义观”。通过对 1 995年 1 2月 3 1日前上市的 2 92家公司从1 994— 2 0 0 1年的数据进行的分析 ,本文发现 :(1 )中国上市公司确实存在费用“粘性”。同美国上市公司相比 ,中国上市公司向下调整费用的速度要慢许多 ,这很可能是由于中国企业管理水平的低下和经理层代理成本的高昂。 (2 )费用“粘性”确实在以后的会计期间出现反转。在时间跨度拉长的情况下费用的“粘性”明显降低 ,这说明中国上市公司的经营管理还有一些效率 ,但是效率尚不够高。 (3 )效率观所隐含的“宏观经济增长”和契约观所隐含的“资本密集型”两个变量对费用“粘性”的增强效果不显著 ,这也许说明目前中国上市公司的经理层行为包含了“机会主义观”的因素。     

Comparison of Scoring Rules in Poisson Voting Games

Scoring rules are compared by their equilibria in simple voting games with Poisson population uncertainty, using new techniques for computing pivot probabilities. Best-rewarding rules like plurality voting can generate discriminatory equilibria where the voters disregard some candidate as not a serious contender, although he may be universally liked, or may be symmetric to other candidates as in the Condorcet cycle. Such discriminatory equilibria are eliminated by worst-punishing rules like negative voting, but then even a universally disliked candidate may have to be taken seriously. In simple bipolar elections, equilibria are always majoritarian and efficient under approval voting, but not other scoring rules. Journal of Economic Literature Classification: D72.     

Capital Accumulation and Resource Depletion: A Hartwick Rule Counterfactual

How much produced capital would resource-abundant countries have today if they had actually followed the Hartwick Rule (invest resource rents in other assets) over the last 30 years? We employ time series data on investment and rents on exhaustible resource extraction for 70 countries to answer this question. The results are striking: Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, and Gabon would all have as much produced capital as South Korea, while Nigeria would have five times its current level. A specific rule for sustainability – maintain positive constant genuine investment – is shown to lead to unbounded consumption.     

WTO自我保护规则与我国企业的反倾销

世界贸易组织中的自我保护规则，是引导企业由价格竞争转向非价格竞争的规则。从这个角度来反思中国企业的经营理念、竞争观念和营销策略，是维护企业合法权益，实现反倾销和反倾销对策统一的基本选择。     

会计规则的学理解释

本文从会计学学理的视角出发,对会计规则这一会计基础概念做出界定和解释,提出会计规 则是一个有关会计人员行为应当与否的命题。在分析技术规则、游戏规则和道德规则及其特征的基础上, 指出会计规则既具有技术规则的特征、游戏规则的特征,还包括道德规则的特征。因此会计规则实质是以 上三种规则的混合体。对于会计规则的探讨可以使我们对会计规则有一个比较全面和理性的认识,为会计 学由简单的操作技术或制度解释转向系统的学理建构奠定一个学理基础,并为我们认识、理解、把握和应 用会计规则提供理论指导。     

对数正态分布伪随机数的产生与检验

本文给出了一种产生对数正态分布伪随机数的算法以及相应的检验方法,产生的均匀分布随机序列,经近似抽样产生正态分布的随机数,再经变换抽样最终产生对数正态分布的随机序列。采用卡方检验验证其是否符合对数正态分布。计算实例表明,所给出的方法具有产生伪随机数速度快、数量大、方差小和较长的周期等特点,具有较大的工程实用价值。计算结果验证了所给方法的正确性。     

论物权变动规则

物权变动规则是我国物权法典的重要内容之一。由于物权与债权有着本质的区别，我国的物权立法应当接受物权行为理论，建立依法律行为发生的物权变动规则，并对现行法律的相关规定进行修改并加以完善。     

汉德法则的运用分析

汉德法则规定了被侵害者的预防义务和侵害者的赔偿义务,是裁决侵权案件的一个重要理论依据.在司法实践中,汉德公式为确定行为人是否应承担损害赔偿责任提供了一种客观和可操作的标准.考特和尤伦则深入的对汉德法则在简单过错原则、单一过错原则和共同过错原则中的运用进行了分析.     

论我国传统货币理论的局限性

我国传统货币理论只适用于金属货币经济。在信用货币条件下,其基本结论不能成立。本文在分析我国传统货币理论局限性的基础上,提出货币的本质不是充当一般等价物的特殊商品,而是信用的观点。同时又对货币形式的演变、货币的职能和货币流通规律等基本问题进行了探讨。