大中型城市产业结构变动对就业影响的实证分析——以乌鲁木齐为例

产业结构变动影响就业,乌鲁木齐市各产业产值就业弹性数据清晰地阐明了两者关系密切。实证分析结果表明,第一产业所能吸收的劳动力非常有限,第二产业产值的增长与就业增长不同步,第三产业已经成为拉动就业的主要力量。当前宏观形势严竣,在保经济增长的同时,有必要通过促进产业结构的变动增加就业。     

Should I stay or should I go? Foreign direct investment,employment protection and domestic anchorage

This paper examines theoretically and empirically how employment protection legislation affects location decisions of multinationals. We depart from the “conventional wisdom” by examining not only the effect of protection on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), but also a country’s ability to “anchor” potential outward investment. Based on our simple theoretical framework, we estimate an empirical model, using data on bilateral FDI and employment protection indices for OECD countries, and controlling for other labour market institutions and investment costs. We find that, while an “unfavourable” employment protection differential between a domestic and a foreign location is inimical to FDI, a high domestic level of employment protection tends to discourage outward FDI. The results are in line with our conjecture that strict employment protection in the firm’s home country makes firms reluctant to relocate abroad and keeps them “anchored” at home.     

贴近市场办学,提高就业质量——广西高职高专毕业生就业情况分析

对广西63家用人单位进行高职高专毕业生就业情况跟踪调查的结果表明:用人单位在对高职高专毕业生的职场表现给予肯定的同时,也指出高职高专毕业生存在的种种不足。在对调查资料进行分析的基础上,文章针对高职高专毕业生就业状况反映出来的问题提出改进意见,其目的是提高高职高专毕业生的就业质量。     

Effects of pro-growth policies on employment: evidence of regional disparities

The main objective of our research is to study the direct impact of pro-growth economic policies on employment creation globally and regionally, as evidence has countered policy-makers’ expectation that output growth leads automatically to job creation. We innovate by using the ratio of employment to the population above 25 years as dependent variable instead of the customary employment elasticity. We apply generalized methods of moments’ econometrics on dynamic panel data models and find that growth stimulates employment creation on average across 76 countries. The policies promoting private sector credit, investments, openness, services, education spending, tertiary enrollment, and a fixed exchange rate are the ones that create employment. Larger government size undermines job creation, while policies promoting FDI and industrial development fail to stimulate employment. However, we establish that the effect of pro-growth policies on employment varies significantly across regions, with evidence of weaker links between economic policies and employment in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East.     

高房价是否导致了区域高技能人力资本流出?

我国正处于由人口大国向人力资本强国转型的关键阶段,高技能人才资源已成为当今区域经济社会发展的第一资源;与此同时,我国已经历了一段房价全面上涨的时期,由房价高速上涨所导致的人才流出问题引起政府与公众的广泛关注。在此背景下,本文通过对大学生就业地选择的关注,考察了高房价对地区高技能人力资本流出的影响。本文的结果稳健地表明,高房价显著地提高了大学毕业生离开本地就业的概率;根据本文的估计,在2010年至2015年期间,房价的上升至少增加了区域高技能人才流出21.5%;特别地,房价的挤出作用对于较弱家庭背景的学生以及非一线城市更为严重,此外,高房价也影响了大学毕业生的职业选择。本文的研究结果指出了中国高房价可能影响长期经济社会发展的一个新的重要渠道;同时,通过对房价的关注,为地区与国家减少高技能人才流出,实现经济发展由要素驱动向创新驱动转变提供了新的启示。     

Dollarization, economic growth, and employment

Dollarization brought price stability and higher economic growth to Ecuador. Nevertheless, unemployment remained stubbornly high. Two opposing forces explain this result: sustained growth led to higher labor demand but price stabilization triggered substitution effects by cheaper intermediate goods and capital.     

提高出口退税能够“稳就业”和“稳外贸”吗?

近年来,全球贸易保护主义抬头加剧了各国之间的贸易摩擦。本文以中美贸易为例,探讨中国出口退税政策在稳就业、稳外贸以及应对贸易摩擦中的作用机制。首先基于1994-2020年季度数据发现:中国就业的波动较平稳;净出口则呈现高波动特征;中国就业和净出口呈现弱顺周期。这些周期特征与其他国家存在显著差异。其次构建了一个含有不完全金融市场和价格不完全传递的对称两国开放经济DSGE模型,数值模拟发现:在本国出口退税冲击和它国技术冲击下,模型能够较好地拟合中国就业和净出口的周期特征,其中财富效应和由贸易条件变化引起的支出转移效应是主要的内在传导机制。借助模型对中美贸易摩擦的反事实实验发现:中国单方面提高1%出口退税时,中国就业增长0.05%,净出口增长0.28%,呈现较强持续性,提高出口退税能够稳就业和稳外贸;当中国提高1%出口退税和美国提高1%进口关税时,中国就业增长0.03%,净出口增长0.16%,呈现较强持续性,勒纳中性不成立,此时出口退税在稳就业和稳外贸中的作用尽管有所削弱,但依然有效。     

On firm-level,industry-level,and aggregate employment fluctuations

Employment fluctuations are examined, at different levels of aggregation, in a model with firm-specific hiring decisions due to search frictions and sticky pricing. The results indicate that firm-level employment dispersion rises with higher price stickiness and higher demand elasticity, whereas it falls with more convexity of search costs and with a higher labor supply elasticity. Industry-level employment is more volatile and less procyclical than aggregate employment, and a larger industry size reduces volatility and raises co-movement with output. The calibrated model is able to match the volatility, autocorrelation and cyclical correlation of US industry-level employment when incorporating firm-specific technology shocks.     

论公平就业立法是创建和谐社会的重要举措

我国目前劳动力市场竞争激烈,劳动者处于弱势地位,加之国家对用人单位并无明确具体的公平就业法律规定,因此,各类不公平就业现象出现,为构建和谐社会设置了一道人为障碍。在市场经济条件下,法律法规才是规范行为、获得合法权益的最有效保障。     

关于现代经济学的几个误读

对现代经济学的阐释中学界普遍存在着以下误读:(1)把市场经济的本质归结为"自由"和"平等",或仅仅是"资源优化配置".遗憾的是,这种脆弱到只敢"说物"而羞于"见人"的市场经济在现实中并不存在.(2)某些主流经济学家在失业问题上的全部智慧,就是终于发现了失业的"深层次"原因在于"都是计划经济惹的祸".市场经济生的病,却要计划经济吃药.这种做法显然连现代经济学的初级水平都不及格.(3)面对两极分化愈演愈烈的态势,现代经济学把分配关系与生产关系完全割裂开来,根本就不承认今日的收入分配问题与市场经济的内在联系.这就使得现代经济学的解释力大打折扣.(4)在今天的经济学界,现代经济学已然被认定为"唯一科学的"经济学.这个"认定"其实是很可疑的,因为经济学不仅过去是而且现在仍然是"一门历史的科学".