Patterns of intention: Oberkampf and Knoll as Schumpeterian entrepreneurs

ABSTRACT

Presented here is an analysis of Schumpeter’s interest in political economy, as it relates to his use of history to investigate economic change and capitalism. This aspect of Schumpeter’s work – referring to style and involving a range of moral and aesthetic considerations – is largely neglected in entrepreneurship studies despite his influence on the discipline. This paper argues these considerations are essential to understand Schumpeter’s entrepreneur and the role of creative destruction in rejuvenating capitalism. However, his theory also involves political inclinations and choices, such as elitism and a fear of declinism, both of which are more typical to conservative not destructive worldviews. To illustrate my argument I examine and describe two cases, those of Oberkampf and Knoll, the latter a rough contemporary of Schumpeter. The findings point to the central role of political economy in past and present debates about the political role of entrepreneurship in society, suggesting a need for further attention to the zeitgeist (spirit of the time) in future research.     

创业导师制:前沿探析与未来展望

从2007年中国火炬创业导师行动发起到2017年中国火炬创业导师联盟成立的10年间,创业导师队伍不断扩大,并在中国"两创"服务中发挥了重要作用。近年来,创业导师制成为西方学界关注的重要前沿课题之一。但是,该类主题尚未引起国内学界足够重视。基于国内外研究成果,辨析创业导师制与企业导师制的区别,从创业者和创业导师两个主体视角分别梳理了创业导师制的功效,从创业者特征、导师特征、指导关系特征和支持结构4个方面归纳了创业导师制实施影响因素。最后,就现有研究不足,提出若干未来研究方向。     

Association for Social Economics ASE newsletter

Bill Waters’ dissertation “Entrepreneurship, Dualism, and Causality: An Appreciation of the Work of Joseph A. Schumpeter” completed at Georgetown University in 1952 is significant for two reasons. The first is clear enough from the very beginning: Schumpeter and the entrepreneur. The other comes to light through hindsight: Bill brings to bear an understanding of economic affairs which is personalist rather than individualist or collectivist in nature. In short, Bill sees as the main activating force in economic affairs not the impersonal forces of the market, not the central planning board, but the person who innovates, who acts bolding in economic affairs, the banker who creates credit, and the capitalist who supplies old funds. Thus the Waters’ dissertation says much not only about Schumpeter but also about Bill himself. His dissertation is his only book-length publication.     

Gendered cognitions: a socio-cognitive model of how gender affects entrepreneurial preferences

ABSTRACT

This research explores the social-cognitive factors which lead both women and men to pursue ventures consistent with their gendered social identity, therefore, reinforcing the gender gap in entrepreneurship. We measured the self-assessments of individuals presented with experimentally manipulated entrepreneurial opportunities that were either consistent or inconsistent with their self-reported gender. A theoretical model derived from Social Role Theory is presented and tested. It posits that a gender match (mismatch) with the entrepreneurial opportunity results in higher (lower) reported self-efficacy, anticipated social resources, and venture desirability and lower (higher) venture risk perceptions. The experimental data are tested in a sequential mediation SEM model. We find evidence that self-efficacy and anticipated social resources mediate the effect of gender congruency on perceived risk and venture desirability. The results provide insight into the insidious barriers that play a role in reproducing a gender gap in entrepreneurial outcomes by ‘nudging’ women into lower-return ventures in less lucrative industries.     

财富、企业家才能与最优融资契约安排

本文认为企业家是企业发生的逻辑起点 ,是最初的“中心签约人” ,因此力图站在企业家的角度来考察企业家的融资行为。我们证明理性的企业家往往会将企业残值的优先索取权让度给外部投资者 ,从而否定了关于“投资者是最后的剩余索取者”的先验观点。在认识到“提供担保服务”是企业家自有资本的基本功能的基础上 ,我们揭示出一些关于企业家选择融资契约的规律。最后 ,我们还进一步发现即便未受财富约束 ,企业家也不会完全依靠自有资本来创业 ,因为很可能存在一个最优的企业家自有资本比例。     

浅析创业时期的企业家特征

企业家是公司能否顺利发展的关键,他们的决策常常决定着企业的成败。企业家有着自己成长的生命周期,不同时期就有着不同的特征。本文在讨论了企业家一般性特征的基础上,浅析了创业时期企业家所具有的独特特征,正是这些独特的素质,成为了新企业发展的巨大推动力。通过本文,希望能够给企业家的自我发展和素质提高带来一些启示。     

连续创业者创业经验与再次创业成功关系研究——基于中国互联网行业面板数据的分析

通过研究中国互联网行业252位连续创业者创办的608家公司,对连续创业者先前创业经历与再次创业成功可能性间关系进行研究。从创业次数、退出状态、行业经验以及第一笔投资获取时间等维度进行分析,提出相应假设并运用最小二乘法进行验证。结果显示,创业次数及细分行业经验而不考虑先前创业业绩不能作为后续再次创业成功的可能性预估指标;创业次数越多与先前创业成功的创业者再次创业时倾向于等待更长时间才获取第一笔投资,而创业失败的创业者再次创业时第一笔投资获取时间更早;先前创业成功的创业者再次创业成功的可能性极高,而先前创业失败的创业者则容易再次失败;另外,无论创业者在相同还是不同细分行业进行再次创业,该关系都保持不变。最终,根据研究结果对投资者、政策制定者及创业者提出管理与政策建议。     

Critical issues affecting the service quality and professionalism of the tour guides in Hong Kong and Macau

This study examines the critical issues affecting the service quality and professionalism of the tour guiding professions in Hong Kong and Macau. In-depth interviews were conducted with industry representatives in the two regions. The issues identified are classified into six categories: unhealthy business practices of outbound travel agencies in China, immaturity of the Chinese tourism market, exploitative measures by inbound tour operators, human resource issues, role conflict, and service quality assurance mechanism. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the role conflict faced by the guiding professions. The implications of the findings and recommendations for practice and future research are discussed. Given the growing importance of the Chinese tourism market, the findings will be of significant value to Hong Kong and Macau, and to other destinations targeting the Chinese market.     

中国企业家行为约束的机制缺陷与制度安排

长期以来,中国企业家行为约束存在约束主体与客体不明确,法人治理结构与外部市场不完善.法律法规不健全的缺陷.理论分析表明:通过对企业家行为内部约束与外部约束的制度安排,可以规范企业家行为,改善对企业家行为约束的现状.     

The entrepreneur's idea and outside finance: Theory and evidence about entrepreneurial roles

We study the problem faced by the entrepreneur seeking outside support to turn an entrepreneurial idea into a successful innovation—specifically a successful technological innovation resulting from research and development. The paper develops and tests the hypothesis that as an entrepreneur's innovative idea becomes more complex, the entrepreneur will find it more difficult to obtain outside finance and then outside support more generally for the commercialization of the idea. Consequently, the entrepreneur will be more likely to take on additional roles beyond providing the essential idea. The evidence supports the hypothesis that, other things being the same, an entrepreneur with a more complex idea will have greater difficulty obtaining outside finance and will be more likely to take on the additional roles of development, production, marketing and distribution that are necessary for successful innovation.