平衡就业结构以发挥我国的比较优势

改革开放20多年来,我国经济保持了持续快速增长。但近年来,我国的就业结构却出现了明显的不平衡。这种不平衡突出地表现在两个方面:一是大学生就业压力增大;二是部分地区出现“民工荒”现象。本文拟从这两个方面分别进行分析,并探讨如何平衡就业结构以进一步发挥我国的比较优势。     

国际贸易与劳动力市场:研究述评

近三十年来,国际贸易迅速发展,同时各国劳动力市场保持着一种动态变化,国际贸易对劳动力市场的影响不断加深.在这一背景下,国际经济学和劳动经济学领域的学者对国际贸易与劳动力市场的关系进行了大量的理论与经验研究,相关研究主要集中在三个方面:国际贸易对各国工资的影响、国际贸易对各国就业的效应以及国际贸易对劳动力需求弹性的影响.本文将从上述三个方面对相关研究进行回顾.     

构建和谐社会与实现充分就业

社会主义和谐社会实际上是指以人为主体的社会和谐发展状态，包含着人与自然之间、人与人之间、不同社会阶层之间、管理者与被管理者之间等各种不同关系的和谐发展。实现充分就业与构建和谐社会，具有共同的价值认同，它们之间存在着相互需要、相互促进的密切关系。在实现充分就业的实践中应当科学把握构建和谐社会与就业水平、就业质量和就业结构之间的关系，从构建和谐社会的目标出发，科学地研究制定好促进就业的相关措施。     

Labour adjustment costs: Estimation of a dynamic discrete choice model using panel data for Greek manufacturing firms

In this paper we estimate a dynamic structural model of employment at firm level. Our dataset consists of a balanced panel of 2790 Greek manufacturing firms. The empirical evidence of this dataset stresses three important stylized facts: (a) there are periods in which firms decide not to change their labour input, (b) there are periods of large employment changes (lumpy nature of labour adjustment) and (c) the commonality is employment spikes to be followed by smooth and low employment growth periods. Following Cooper and Haltiwanger [Cooper, R.W. and Haltiwanger, J. “On the Nature of Capital Adjustment Costs”, Review of Economic Studies, 2006; 73(3); 611–633], we consider a dynamic discrete choice model of a general specification of adjustment costs including convex, non-convex and “disruption of production” components. We use a method of simulated moments procedure to estimate the structural parameters. Our results indicate considerable fixed costs in the Greek employment adjustment.     

The labor market effects of foreign owned firms

Foreign firms have a more educated workforce and pay higher wages than domestic firms even after controlling for worker quality, at a given moment in time. This does not imply that foreign ownership improves the labor market outcomes of the workers since foreign investment may be guided by unobservable firm and worker characteristics correlated with schooling or wages. This paper asks whether foreign investors acquire firms with high human capital or wages, or whether foreign acquisition improves these outcomes. Using a matched employer-employee data set, I find that foreign acquisitions of domestic firms have small effects on the human capital and on average wages of the acquired firms. Instead, foreign investors “cherry pick” those domestic firms that are already very similar to the group of existing foreign firms.     

日本引进外国直接投资与提高经济活力分析

20世纪90年代中期前后,日本政府设立了专门机构并制定和实施了专门的计划来吸引外国直接投资,从而加大了引进外国直接投资的力度,外国直接投资的流入量也在不断增加。尽管在日本外国直接投资流出量和流入量不平衡以及流入量相对较少的状况没有根本改观,但是,逐渐增加的对日直接投资还是给东道国经济注入了新的活力,除了资金、技术和管理方法等经营资源流入以外,在振兴地方经济、提高企业全要素生产力和解决雇佣问题等方面也起到了非常重要的作用。     

FDI对中国外向型城市经济发展的影响——基于对青岛的实证分析

近年来,关于FDI对中国经济发展的贡献,引发了我国学术界的争议,有些学者予以了充分的肯定,但有些学者提出了质疑。本论文以外向型经济城市——青岛为考察对象,选用科学的模型和变量,定量地分析FDI对青岛经济发展的贡献度,分析结果证明,利用FDI对青岛经济的发展起到了积极的作用,但同时,本论文指出了今后利用FDI的对策建议。     

民办高职院校毕业生就业现状及对策研究

在目前严峻的就业形势下,通过对民办高职院校毕业生就业现状深入的分析,从就业环境、办学水平、毕业生素质三个方面提出促进民办高职毕业生就业的若干对策与建议。     

The Dividend Substitution Hypothesis: Australian Evidence

In a perfect capital market firms are indifferent to either dividends or repurchases as payout mechanisms, suggesting that the two payout methods should be perfect substitutes. Empirical research at the single country level, as well as cross country studies, provide evidence that dividends and repurchases act as substitutes (the dividend substitution hypothesis), and that the tax treatment of dividends versus capital gains affects this relation. Australia, which operates under a full dividend imputation system, has two types of repurchases: on‐ and off‐market. On‐market repurchases are taxed as capital gains while off‐market repurchases comprise a large dividend component carrying valuable tax credits. Australia thus provides a natural setting to investigate how the tax treatment of proceeds affects the dividend substitution hypothesis. Dividend substitution is found to exist for on‐market repurchases but not for off‐market repurchases, thus providing further support for the idea that the tax treatment of proceeds affects the substitutability of repurchases and dividends.     

Credit market failure intervention: Do government sponsored small business credit programs enrich poorer areas?

Using local market employment rates as our measure of economic performance, we find a positive and significant correlation between the average annual level of employment in a local market and the level of SBA guaranteed lending in that local market. Furthermore, the intensity of this correlation is much larger in low-income markets. Indeed, our results suggest that this correlation is positive and significant only in low-income markets. This result has important implications for public policy in general and SBA guaranteed lending in particular.