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41.
42.
Lars Tyge Nielsen 《Economic Theory》1999,14(2):285-296
Summary. Differentiability is a convenient property of von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions which is almost always imposed but
has not been translated into behavioral terms. In applications, expected utility is usually maximized subject to a constraint,
and the maximization is carried out by differentiating the utility function. This paper presents two sets of necessary and
sufficient conditions for a risk averse von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function to be differentiable. The first of them is
formulated in terms of the equivalent risk premia of small gambles. It says, in brief, that the equivalent risk premium is
of a smaller order of magnitude than the risk itself, as measured by the expectation of the absolute value of the risk. The
second set of necessary and sufficient conditions is formulated in terms of the probability premium of small lotteries. It
says, essentially, that the probability premium for small binary lotteries goes to zero as the size of the lottery goes to
zero.
Received: May 11, 1997; revised version: May 14, 1998 相似文献
43.
44.
Ivan Moscati 《European Journal of the History of Economic Thought》2017,24(6):1318-1354
AbstractThe paper reconstructs the history of the experimental attempts to measure the cardinal utility of money between 1950 and 1985 within the framework provided by expected utility theory (EUT). It is shown that this history displays a definite trajectory: from the confidence in EUT and the EUT-based measurement of utility of the 1950s to the scepticism that, from the mid-1970s, haunted the validity of EUT as well as the significance of the utility measures obtained through it. By exploring the diverse aspects and causes of this trajectory, the paper covers new ground in the history of both decision theory and utility measurement. 相似文献
45.
Wei-han Liu 《Applied economics》2013,45(8):813-825
The maturity effect (ME) of futures prices postulated by Samuelson (1965) is re-examined using three nonparametric tests. The consistent entropy asymmetry test by Racine and Maasoumi (2007) indicates that variance is an appropriate risk or uncertainty measure for ME, and value-at-risk and expected shortfall are also adopted. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov dominance test and Wilcoxon rank sum and signed rank test are employed to rank the estimates of the three risk measures under a moving-window framework. The testing outcomes are contingent on futures type, testing method and risk measures. The testing outcomes show mild support for ME. 相似文献
46.
肇丹丹 《现代营销(创富信息版)》2013,(6)
多渠道环境下,消费者试图通过增加信息搜索渠道数量,最终选择最为拟合自身需求的购买渠道。消费者特别是研究型购买者在产品既定的情况下会根据自身对消费渠道的感知价值决策是否采取渠道转换行为。本文通过文献回顾,提出感知价值的维度,并以其为自变量,根据期望效用理论设计研究型购买者的渠道转换模型,以及多渠道零售环境下的渠道策略。 相似文献
47.
密封价格拍卖或招标中的有限腐败 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文研究了密封价格拍卖或招投标中的有限腐败问题,探讨了当行贿者通过行贿招标主持人获得多次出标机会,而其他竞标者不知道这种有限腐败行为时,对拍卖结果所产生的影响。在第二价格拍卖机制下,由于竞标者按真实估价报价总是弱占优策略,该有限腐败行为在此拍卖机制下不会产生影响。但对于密封的第一价格拍卖机制来说,由于行贿者的多个标价中的最高标价比其他竞标者的标价更强势(aggressive),导致其他竞标者获胜的概率减少,行贿者获胜的概率增加。而行贿者的其他出标机会所用的出标策略比其他竞标者的出标策略要弱势,所以在保证期望收益增加的情况下所付出的期望支付有可能比在没有腐败情形下的期望支付要低。特别地,当行贿者获得更多的出标机会时所采用的出标策略与我们的直觉是有差异的。有限腐败对于物品所有者来说是不利的,他的期望收益随着行贿者的特权的增强而减少。 相似文献
48.
Understanding the adoption of new brands through salespeople: a multilevel framework 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jan Wieseke Christian Homburg Nick Lee 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2008,36(2):278-291
So far there has been scant empirical attention paid to the role of the sales force in the adoption of new brands in the early
implementation stages. We test a framework of internal (sales manager and salespeople) brand adoption using an empirical multilevel
study. Our findings suggest that the construct of expected customer demand (ECD) plays an important role in sales force brand
adoption. First, ECD directly influences salespeople’s and sales managers’ brand adoption. Second, ECD serves as a cross-level
moderator of new brand adoption transmission. We find the influence of sales managers’ brand adoption on salespeople’s brand
adoption to be stronger when salespeople’s ECD is lower. 相似文献
49.
We present two theorems that provide necessary and sufficient conditions for an expected utility maximizer to become more risk averse in the sense of Ross with respect to bearing a foreground risk after the introduction of any independent fair or unfair additive background risk. We call these decision makers Ross risk vulnerable, and show that Ross decreasing absolute risk aversion and Ross decreasing absolute prudence are jointly sufficient for Ross risk vulnerability. Restrictions on utility necessary and sufficient for Ross risk vulnerability with respect to stochastic dominance deteriorations of an existing background risk are also presented. Our analysis concludes with applications of Ross risk vulnerability. 相似文献
50.
本文引入风险度量的经济学理性概念:一种风险度量方法为经济学理性的是指,这种方法对风险的度量结果与经济学中理性人对风险的排序结果相一致,采用这种方法度量风险的决策者,其决策结果也是经济学理性的。本文从风险状态下的决策理论出发,论证了在银行监管问题上,经济学理性的风险度量方法需要满足的条件。结合银行资本充足率监管的演进趋势,比较了几种重要的风险度量方法,并提出了一种经济学理性的、符合银行监管需要的风险度量方法。 相似文献