日本的FTA战略与能源安全分析

日本是能源消费大国,也是能源贫瘠国家,面临严重的能源安全威胁。日本政府运用FTA战略,通过与能源进口来源国签署FIA/EPA或进行FTA/EPA谈判的方式,将多数能源贸易伙伴国纳入到本国的FTA体系中来,为日本的能源安全起到一定的保障作用。同时,将能源条款加入到已经签署的FTA/EPA协定中,使能源进口的稳定性得到协定的保障。     

自贸区升级协定的贸易效应研究——来自中国—东盟的证据

立足于中国—东盟自贸区升级协定的现实背景,本文梳理了升级协定影响域内外贸易的内在机理,并利用1999—2018年面板数据对理论假说进行了实证检验。研究结果显示,在总量贸易层面上,升级协定会显著促进中国的域内出口,但对域内进口影响不显著。异质性检验表明,中国域内出口促进效应对小型、低收入、高贸易依存度的国家以及SITC目录下第4-9类产品影响更为显著。在域外进口效应上,研究发现升级协定使中国的域外进口显著增加,对东盟的域外进口影响不显著。中介效应检验结果显示,贸易成本是影响中国域外出口的中介变量,中国域内出口和收入水平则是影响中国域外进口的重要渠道。     

TPP与TTIP浪潮下全球贸易规则重塑问题

近几年,美国在全球掀起TPP与TTIP浪潮,旨在打造所谓新型、高水平自由贸易协定,并借此机会来遏制中国的迅速崛起。随着经济全球化步伐加快,全球经济联系日益紧密,TPP与TTIP中一些贸易规则的新规定无疑会对非成员国间乃至全球的贸易规则带来一定的示范效应和带动效应,但却不能决定全球贸易规则的重塑。在美国力推TPP与TTIP浪潮背景下,中国相关的FTA进程存在很多问题,从而会削弱中国在全球中的竞争地位,因此,中国有必要采取措施积极应对。为此,本文着重分析了美国力推TPP与TTIP浪潮的原因与目的及其对全球贸易规则重塑的影响,并给出了此背景下中国的应对措施。     

中国对外贸易政策取向的实证研究——基于中韩自由贸易区的建立

产业内贸易程度不仅可以衡量一国在国际上的产业竞争优势和国际分工地位,而且能全面反映贸易双方在规模经济、技术进步、消费者福利等多方面的优势。文章通过对1992～2007年中韩产业内贸易指数的计算和实证分析发现:中韩产业内贸易还存在诸多问题,农产品的产业内贸易程度太低,工业制成品的产业内贸易多为垂直型,并且有加工贸易的迹象。因此文章建议:在中韩自由贸易区的环境下,通过外商直接投资促进中韩产业内贸易由垂直型向水平型转变,进而改善我国的贸易条件;借助中韩自由贸易区关税优惠政策和原产地的便利,进一步扩大中韩贸易市场份额,共享中韩自由贸易的成果。     

Does firm size matter in exporting and using FTA schemes?

In this paper, we empirically compare the role of firm size when exporting with that when using free trade agreement (FTA) schemes. We employ a unique survey providing detailed information on FTA use by Japanese affiliates in ASEAN, India, and Oceania. Our findings from the analysis on Japanese affiliates in ASEAN are as follows. First, firm size matters in both decisions on exporting and on using FTA schemes. In particular, firm size is more quantitatively important in decisions on FTA use than on exporting. Second, firms with experience in utilizing FTAs for exporting have an approximately 40% higher probability of using an FTA for exporting to a new country. Third, larger-sized firms use a larger number of FTA schemes.     

Politics of Trade in the USA and in the Obama Administration: Implications for Asian Regionalism

Over the next four years, the Obama administration will face a series of strategic choices in forging policies to respond to a growing momentum for advances in Asian regional structures. Though faced with domestic political challenges; not least from within his own Democratic party – President Obama and his advisers will need to set a course for the reassertion of US leadership in constructing a trans-Pacific vision, through new US-based free trade agreements, signing on to existing agreements such as the P-4 (Singapore, New Zealand, Brunei, the Philippines), or consolidating existing free trade agreements among Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) nations. In pursuing this vision, the US should take advantage of the fact that the next three APEC leaders meetings are in Singapore (2009), Japan (2010), and the USA (2011); a sequence ripe for synergistic teamwork.     

Politics of free trade areas: tariffs versus quotas

In this paper we compare and contrast the political viability of bilateral Free Trade Area (FTA) Agreements in the presence of tariffs and quotas. Assuming that the government maximizes a weighted sum of welfare and producer profits, we show that the political viability of FTAs varies according to whether trade restrictions take the form of tariffs or quotas. A key result is that whereas an FTA is unambiguously rejected by one of the countries under a tariff, it may be endorsed by both trading partners under a voluntary export quota or import quota that provides equal protection as the tariff.     

日本与东盟FTA协商的新进程及其预期成效

日本为确保在东亚经济合作中的主导权,于2002年开始同东盟国家进行有关自由贸易协定(FTA)的协商。尽管协商进程很快,但是,由于双方在一系列问题上,包括农业及相关产品的关税减让、双方合作范围等方面存在分歧,双方谈判十分艰难。从预期成效来看,缔结自由贸易协定可以扩大日本对东盟国家贸易、投资,因而从中获利,另外日本国内资源的配置和产业结构将会有所调整,此外,还会扩大日本在东亚地区的经济、政治和外交影响力。     

Impacts of Sequential Free Trade Agreements in East Asia: A CGE and Political Economy Analysis

Abstract

This paper estimates the economic impacts of the various sequential liberalization scenarios in East Asia, emphasizing the significance of the “sequence” of the liberalization process in computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis. The major findings are as follows: (1) “Sequence” matters in measuring the economic impacts of free trade agreement (FTA) scenarios in the region; (2) Scenario 1 (Korea-China FTA → Korea-Japan FTA → China-Japan FTA) is the sequence maximizing Korea's economic gains, whereas Scenario 3 (Korea-China-Japan FTA) is the one most preferred economically by China and Japan; (3) Korea's FTAs with the United States (US) and European Union (EU) can be evaluated as a preemptive strategic move, causing changes in FTA preferences of Korea and Japan; (4) the prediction of Bond and Baldwin (adjustment cost and juggernaut effect) and that of Evenett et al. (trade diversion effect) are supported by the empirical results that Korea's (China's) expected gains from northeast Asian FTA sequences increase (decrease) after Korea's FTAs with the US and EU are made; (5) predictions about the International Political Economy (IPE) theories (power consideration and domestic politics) upon the sequential FTA formations in East Asia are consistent with the findings above.     

韩美FTA对中国对外贸易的影响分析

韩美FTA(自由贸易区)在促进韩美两国贸易合作与经济融合的同时,将会对中国对外贸易产生一定程度的负面影响。本文在考察了韩美FTA内容与结构的基础上,分析了中、韩两国出口产品在美国市场上的贸易竞争指数与中美出口产品在韩国市场上的竞争状况。同时运用GTAP(全球贸易分析系统)模拟了韩美FTA对中国福利与中国进出口、贸易平衡、贸易条件等多个指标的影响。模拟结果显示:韩美FTA将有可能降低中国的福利,扩大中国对外贸易逆差并恶化中国的贸易条件。但是从产业层面上来看,韩美FTA对中国各产业贸易的影响存在较大差异。